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Mechanical Properties

  • Reference work entry
Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Materials used in engineering applications as structural components are subject to loads, defined by the application purpose. The mechanical properties of materials characterize the response of a material to loading.

The mechanical loading action on materials in engineering applications may be static or dynamic and can basically be categorized as tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. In addition, thermomechanical loading effects can occur, (see Chap. 8 Thermal Properties). There may also be gas loads from the environment, leading to gas/materials interactions (see Chap. 6 Surface and Interface Characterization) and to transport phenomena such as permeation and diffusion.

The mechanical loading action and the corresponding response of materials can be illustrated by the well-known stress–strain curve (for definition see Sect. 7.1.2). Its different regimes and characteristic data points characterize the mechanical behavior of materials treated in this chapter in terms of elasticity (Sect. 7.1), plasticity (Sect. 7.2), hardness (Sect. 7.3), strength (Sect. 7.4), and fracture (Sect. 7.5). Methods for the determination of permeation and diffusion are compiled in Sect. 7.6.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

ATR:

attenuated total reflection

CG:

conjugate gradient method

CT:

compact tension

DIN:

Deutsches Institut für Normung

FEA:

finite element analysis

FEM:

finite element method

GC:

gas chromatography

HRR:

heat release rate

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

JIS:

Japanese Standardization Organization

LVDT:

linear variable differential transformer

MEMS:

micro-electromechanical systems

NMI:

National Metrology Institute

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

OA:

operational amplifier

SEM:

scanning electron microscope

TEM:

transmission electron microscope

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, 20899-8500, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Sheldon Wiederhorn Ph.D.

  2. Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, 20899, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Richard Fields Dr.

  3. Metallurgy Division, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8553, 20899, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Samuel Low

  4. Division of Chemical and Materials Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Doryong-dong 1, POBox 102, Yuseoung, 305-600, Daejeon, South Korea

    Gun-Woong Bahng Ph.D.

  5. Normenausschuss Materialprüfung (NMP), DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung, Burggrafenstraße 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany

    Alois Wehrstedt

  6. Chemical Metrology and Materials Evaluation Div., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, 102, 305-622, Daejeon, South Korea

    Junhee Hahn

  7. Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho, 316-8511, Hitachi, Japan

    Yo Tomota Prof.

  8. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan

    Takashi Miyata Dr.

  9. Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., 1306 Willow Road, Suite 103, 94025, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Haiqing Lin Dr.

  10. Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, 10100 Burnet Road, Building 133, R-7100, 78758, Austin, TX, USA

    Benny Freeman Dr.

  11. Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, 20-1, Shintomi Futtsu, 293-8511, Chiba, Japan

    Shuji Aihara Dr.

  12. Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sophia University, 7–1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan

    Yukito Hagihara Prof.

  13. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan

    Tetsuya Tagawa

Authors
  1. Sheldon Wiederhorn Ph.D.
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  2. Richard Fields Dr.
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  3. Samuel Low
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  4. Gun-Woong Bahng Ph.D.
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  5. Alois Wehrstedt
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  6. Junhee Hahn
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  7. Yo Tomota Prof.
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  8. Takashi Miyata Dr.
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  9. Haiqing Lin Dr.
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  10. Benny Freeman Dr.
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  11. Shuji Aihara Dr.
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  12. Yukito Hagihara Prof.
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  13. Tetsuya Tagawa
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sheldon Wiederhorn Ph.D. , Richard Fields Dr. , Samuel Low , Gun-Woong Bahng Ph.D. , Alois Wehrstedt , Junhee Hahn , Yo Tomota Prof. , Takashi Miyata Dr. , Haiqing Lin Dr. , Benny Freeman Dr. , Shuji Aihara Dr. , Yukito Hagihara Prof. or Tetsuya Tagawa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Precision Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, TFH Berlin, Luxemburger Strasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany

    Horst Czichos Prof.

  2. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Tetsuya Saito

  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, US

    Leslie Smith

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© 2006 Springer-Verlag

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Wiederhorn, S. et al. (2006). Mechanical Properties. In: Czichos, H., Saito, T., Smith, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30300-8_7

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