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Temperature and Heat Flux

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Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) can be applied for thermographic measurements of heat transfer and temperature in fluid mechanics, delivering important quantitative full-field data for comparison with and validation of numerical simulations. Thin coatings of TLCs at surfaces are utilized to obtain detailed heat transfer data for steady or transient processes. Application of TLC tracers allows instantaneous measurement of the temperature and velocity fields for two-dimensional cross sections of flows. These methods are based on computerized true-color analysis of digital images for temperature measurements and modified particle image velocimetry, which is used to obtain the flow field velocity. In this Chapter, the advantages and limitations of liquid-crystal thermography are discussed, followed by several examples of thermal flow field measurements.

The use of infrared thermography for non-intrusive measurement of spatially resolved surface heat transfer characteristics is described for five different measurement environments, including situations where large gradients of surface temperature are present. In the first of these, measurements are made on the surface of a therapeutic biomedical patch, where the quantity of interest is the time-varying spatially resolved surface temperature. For the other situations, the measured temperature distributions are used to deduce quantities such as the surface Nusselt numbers on the surface of a swirl chamber, the effectiveness of surface adiabatic film cooling downstream of individual shaped film cooling holes, the surface heat flux reduction ratio downstream of two rows of film cooling holes placed on a model of the leading edge of an airfoil, and thermal boundary condition information for numerical predictions of the heat transfer characteristics on the surface of a passage with an array of rib turbulators. In all of these situations, in situ calibration procedures are employed in which the camera, imaging, and data-acquisition systems are all calibrated together in place within the experimental facility as the infrared measurements are obtained. This requires separate, simultaneous, and independent measurements of surface temperatures, and produces spatially resolved results from infrared images with high levels of accuracy and resolution.

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Abbreviations

3-D:

three-dimensional

BL:

boundary layer

CARS:

coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

CARS:

coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

CCD:

charge-coupled device

CFK:

carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic

CRLAS:

cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy

DFB:

distributed feedback

DLR:

German Aerospace Center

ETW:

European transonic wind tunnel

FIR:

far-infrared

HITRAN:

high-resolution transmission molecular absorption

ICCD:

intensified CCD

IRT:

infrared thermography

JAXA:

Japanese Aeronautics Exploration Agency

LAS:

laser absorption spectroscopy

LED:

light-emitting diodes

LIF:

laser-induced fluorescence

LWIR:

long-wavelength infrared

MWIR:

mid-wavelength infrared

NAL:

National Aeronautics Laboratory

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NETD:

noise equivalent temperature difference

NIR:

near-infrared

NO:

nitric oxide

PCI:

peripheral component interface

PETW:

pilot facility of ETW

PIT:

phase inversion temperature

PIV:

particle image velocimetry

PSP:

pressure-sensitive paint

RET:

rotational energy transfer

SWIR:

short-wavelength infrared

TDLAS:

tunable diode laser absorption

TLC:

thermochromic liquid crystals

TPT:

thermographic phosphor thermography

TS:

Tollmien–Schlichting

TSP:

temperature-sensitive paint

UV:

ultraviolet

VET:

vibrational energy transfer

WMS:

wavelength modulation spectroscopy

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research (IPPT PAN), Department of Mechanics and Physics of Fluids, Polish Academy of Sciences, Swietokrzyska 21, 00-049, Warszawa, Poland

    Tomasz Kowalewski Ph.D

  2. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ, Oxford, UK

    Phillip Ligrani Prof.

  3. Fachgebiet für Energie- und Kraftwerkstechnik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 30, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany

    Andreas Dreizler Dr.

  4. Institut für Verbrennung und Gasdynamik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany

    Christof Schulz Dr.

  5. German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, Bunsenstr. 10, 37073, Göttingen, Germany

    Uwe Fey Ph.D

Authors
  1. Tomasz Kowalewski Ph.D
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  2. Phillip Ligrani Prof.
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  3. Andreas Dreizler Dr.
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  4. Christof Schulz Dr.
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  5. Uwe Fey Ph.D
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Correspondence to Tomasz Kowalewski Ph.D , Phillip Ligrani Prof. , Andreas Dreizler Dr. , Christof Schulz Dr. or Uwe Fey Ph.D .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fachgebiet Strömungslehre und Aerodynamik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 30, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany

    Cameron Tropea Dr.

  2. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., 60607-7022, Chicago, IL, USA

    Alexander L. Yarin Dr.

  3. Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, A118 Engineering Research Complex, 48824-1326, East Lansing, MI, USA

    John F. Foss Dr.

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Kowalewski, T., Ligrani, P., Dreizler, A., Schulz, C., Fey, U. (2007). Temperature and Heat Flux. In: Tropea, C., Yarin, A.L., Foss, J.F. (eds) Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30299-5_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30299-5_7

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