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Hydraulics

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Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

The three segments of this chapter introduce phenomena that are of specific interest in the area of hydraulics. Where applicable (Cavitation, Sect. 15.1 and Sediment Transport, Sect. 15.3) introductory and descriptive material regarding the topic is provided. Terminology, physical examples and motivating descriptions introduce the comprehensive Cavitation subsection. Examples of the types of flows in which cavitation occurs are provided. This information sets the stage for a description of the types of facilities and instrumentation that are necessary to study the problem. Numerous photographs and descriptive sketches clarify and complement the text.

The wave height measurement segment first deals with fixed position single "point" techniques. More advanced techniques for: i) wave surface shape along a horizontal line, and ii) two-dimensional surface geometry measurements for laboratory and field observations are then described.

Following the introduction to sediment transport phenomena and terminology, the methods of measurement: manual, optical and acoustic are given detailed descriptions including calibration techniques for the latter two methods. Bed load sediment measurements: pressure difference, sediment trapping and acoustic are next described. Total load and the less common measurement techniques, plus references complete the subsection.

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Abbreviations

3-D:

three-dimensional

A/D:

analog-to-digital

ABS:

acoustic backscatter

ABS:

acoustic bubble spectrometer

ADCP:

acoustic Doppler current profiler

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

CCD:

charge-coupled device

CMOS:

complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CSM:

cavitation susceptibility meters

DAS:

direct absorption spectroscopy

DNS:

direct numerical simulation

DPIV:

digital PIV

FBRM:

focused beam reflectance measurement

FFT:

fast Fourier transform

FOBS:

fiber-optic backscatter

GPS:

global positioning system

HPR:

heave–pitch–roll

ICET:

international cavitation erosion test

ITTC:

international towing tank conference

JFTA:

joint frequency–time analysis

LDA:

laser Doppler anemometry

LDV:

laser Doppler velocimetry

LED:

light-emitting diodes

LIF:

laser-induced fluorescence

LISST:

laser in situ scattering and transmissometry

MARIN:

Maritime Research Institute Netherlands

MDPR:

mean depth of erosion penetration rate

NACA:

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

Nd:YAG:

neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet

OBS:

optical backscatter

PCI:

peripheral component interface

PDA:

phase Doppler anemometry

PIV:

particle image velocimetry

PUV:

pressure and two components of horizontal current

PVDF:

polyvinylidene fluoride

RMS:

root-mean-square

UVW:

three components of velocity

VAO:

Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau Obernach

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 2 Third Ave. SE,, 55414, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Roger Arndt Prof.

  2. Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 10550 Nicollet Ave S., 55420, Bloomington, MN, USA

    Damien Kawakami M.Sc.

  3. Alden Research Laboratory, 30 Shrewsbury St., 01520, Holden, MA, USA

    Martin Wosnik Ph.D

  4. Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, 2600 Draper Rd., 48109-2145, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Marc Perlin Prof.

  5. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska Hall W348, 68588-0531, Lincoln, NE, USA

    David Admiraal Dr.

  6. Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, 61801-2352, Urbana, IL, USA

    Marcelo García Prof.

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  1. Roger Arndt Prof.
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  2. Damien Kawakami M.Sc.
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  3. Martin Wosnik Ph.D
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  4. Marc Perlin Prof.
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  5. David Admiraal Dr.
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  6. Marcelo García Prof.
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Correspondence to Roger Arndt Prof. , Damien Kawakami M.Sc. , Martin Wosnik Ph.D , Marc Perlin Prof. , David Admiraal Dr. or Marcelo García Prof. .

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  1. Fachgebiet Strömungslehre und Aerodynamik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 30, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany

    Cameron Tropea Dr.

  2. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., 60607-7022, Chicago, IL, USA

    Alexander L. Yarin Dr.

  3. Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, A118 Engineering Research Complex, 48824-1326, East Lansing, MI, USA

    John F. Foss Dr.

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Arndt, R., Kawakami, D., Wosnik, M., Perlin, M., Admiraal, D., García, M. (2007). Hydraulics. In: Tropea, C., Yarin, A.L., Foss, J.F. (eds) Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30299-5_15

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