Definition
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation, which is normal before puberty, during pregnancy, or after menopause. Congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract, metabolic disorders (such as diabetes or obesity), and endocrine disorders (including altered pituitary, thyroid or ovarian function) are the most common causes of amenorrhea. Medications that alter hormonal status, including opioids, can also lead to amenorrhea. In some cases, emotional disorders can lead to a cessation of menses.
Cancer Pain Management, Opioid Side Effects, Endocrine Changes and Sexual Dysfunction
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© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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(2007). Amenorrhea. In: Schmidt, R., Willis, W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Pain. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_179
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_179
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43957-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29805-2
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