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Desalination

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Functional Polymers

Part of the book series: Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series ((POPOC))

Abstract

Polymeric membranes are currently extensively investigated for water purification. Strong motivations behind this are due to their unique structural characteristics such as high mechanical, thermal, and chemical stabilities. They are also flexible in nature in such a way that one can easily fold them into hollow fiber or flat sheet. Based on such features, an excellent pollutant selectivity and permeability of water have been observed; thereby a remarkable separation capacity is expected. This chapter covers a comprehensive discussion on the fabrication of both synthetic and biopolymeric membranes for water desalination. Fundamental knowledge on structures, types, functionalizations, and optimizations of different advanced polymer-based membranes, especially microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO), were discussed in details with their synthesis procedures. MF and UF membranes are suitable to retain larger organic and inorganic molecules, whereas NF and RO are popularly used to purify salty water. MF is usually prepared by cellulose acetate, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), and poly(vinylidene fluoride). Secondly, UF membrane is made by polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(acrylonitrile), and poly(etherimide). Thirdly, polysulfone, polyamide poly(vinylidene fluoride), chitosan, and aquaporin are the major building blocks for NF membranes. Finally, cellulose acetate, polysulfone, and aromatic polyamides are the major constituents of RO membranes. Carbon nanotube is highlighted as a part of polymers’ composites membrane with respect to improved or novel performance, and the potential implications of those developments for future membrane technology are discussed. Finally, some of the research gaps and future prospects of polymeric membrane technologies are also highlighted.

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Abbreviations

°C:

Degree Celsius

ABA:

Triblock copolymer with a hydrophobic B segment flanked by two identical hydrophilic A segments

AQP0:

Mammalian aquaporin 0 isoform

AQP1:

Mammalian aquaporin 1 isoform

AQP3:

Mammalian aquaglyceroporin 3 isoform

AQP4:

Mammalian aquaporin 4 isoform

AqpZ:

Bacterial (E. coli) aquaporin Z isoform

CA:

Cellulose acetate

cm3/cm2/s:

Cubic centemeter per centemeter square per second

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CTA:

Cellulose triacetate

DOPC:

1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

DOTAP:

2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (chloride salt)

g/mol:

Gram per mol

GFD:

Gallons per square foot per day

GO:

Graphene oxide

GS:

Gas separation

kDA:

Kilo Dalton

kg h−1 m−2:

Kilogram per hour per meter sqaure

kg/m3·s:

Kilogram per cubic meter second

L m−2 h:

Liter per meter square hour

L m−2 h−1 bar−1:

Liter per meter square per hour per bar

L m−2 h−1:

Liter per meter square per hour

L/h·m2:

Liter per hour meter square

L/m2h:

Liter per meter square per hour

L/min:

Liter per minute

m/s:

Meter per second

m2 s−1:

Meter square per second

m3 m−2 day−1:

Cubic meter per meter square per day

MF:

Microfiltration

mL/cm2s:

Mililitre per centemeter square per second

mm:

Millimeter

MM:

Mixed matrix

MMCNT:

Mixed matrix carbon nanotube

MPa:

Megapascal

mPa−1 s−1:

Meter per pascal per second

MW:

Molecular weight

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

NF:

Nanofiltration

NIPS:

Nonsolvent-induced phase separation

nm:

Nanometer

ppm:

Parts per million

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene di(fluoride)

RO:

Reverse osmosis

SPES:

Sulfonated polyethersulfones

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

TFC:

Thin film composite

TIPS:

Thermally induced phase separation

UF:

Ultrafiltration

VA:

Vertically aligned

VACNT:

Vertical aligned carbon nanotube

VIPS:

Vapor-induced phase separation

WP:

Water permeation

μm:

Micrometer

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Department, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering, Leipzig, Germany

    Rasel Das

  2. Center for Advanced materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Syed Mohammed Javaid Zaidi

  3. Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh

    Sayonthoni Das Tuhi

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  1. Rasel Das
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  2. Syed Mohammed Javaid Zaidi
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  3. Sayonthoni Das Tuhi
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  1. Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder

  2. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Heather Sheardown

  3. Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Amir Al-Ahmed

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Das, R., Zaidi, S.M.J., Tuhi, S.D. (2019). Desalination. In: Jafar Mazumder, M., Sheardown, H., Al-Ahmed, A. (eds) Functional Polymers. Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0_28

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