Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acheampong EN, Ozor N, Owusu ES (2014) Vulnerability assessment of northern Ghana to climate variability. Clim Chang 126(1–2):31–44
Ackah C (2013) Nonfarm employment and incomes in rural Ghana. J Int Dev 25(3):325–339
Ahmed MH, Melesse KA (2018) Impact of off-farm activities on technical efficiency: evidence from maize producers of eastern Ethiopia. Agric Food Econ 6(3):1–15
Ahmed AU, Hill RV, Smith LC, Frankenberger T (2009) The poorest and hungry: characteristics and causes. In: von Braun J, Hill RV, Pandya-Lorch R (eds) The poorest and hungry: assessments, analyses, and actions. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp 107–128
Alasia A, Weersink A, Bollman RD, Cranfield J (2009) Off-farm labour decision of Canadian farm operators: urbanization effects and rural labour market linkages. J Rural Stud 25:12–24
Anderson D, Leiserson MW (1980) Rural non-farm employment in developing countries. Econ Dev Cult Chang 28(2):227–248
Antoniades A, Papayiannis C (2001) Part-time farming in Cyprus. Agricultural economics report 40. Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus, ISSN 0379-0827
Arif GM, Nazli H, Haq R (2000) Rural non-agricultural employment and poverty in Pakistan. Pak Dev Rev 39(4):1089–1110
Asfaw A, Simane B, Hassen A, Bantider A (2017) Determinants of non-farm livelihood diversification: evidence from rainfed dependent smallholder farmers in Northcentral Ethiopia (Woleka subbasin). Dev Stud Res 4(1):22–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2017.1413411
Awoyemi TT (2004) Rural non-farm and poverty reduction in Nigeria. A report submitted to AERC, Nairobi
Babatunde RO, Qaim M (2010) Impact of non-farm income on food security and nutrition in Nigeria. Food Policy 35(4):303–311
Bessant KC (2000) Part-time farming situations among Manitoba farm operators: a typological approach. Can J Agric Econ 48(3):259–271
Biørn E, Bjørnsen H (2015) What motivates farm couples to seek off-farm labour? A logit analysis of job transitions. Eur Rev Agric Econ 42:339–365
Brodt S, Klonsky K, Tourte L (2006) Farmer goals and management styles: implications for advancing biologically based agriculture. Agric Syst 89:90–105
Byerlee D, de Janvry A, Sadoulet E (2009) Agriculture for development: toward a new paradigm. Ann Rev Res Econ 1:15–35
Cervantes-Godoy D, Dewbre J (2010) Economic importance of agriculture for poverty reduction. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries working papers no. 23. OECD Publishing, OECD
da Silva JG (2009) Zero hunger and territories of citizenship: promoting food security in Brazil’s rural areas. In: von Braun J, Vargas Hill R, Pandya-Lorch R (eds) The poorest and hungry: assessments, analyses and actions. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, pp 367–374
Davis J (2001) Conceptual issues in analysing the rural non-farm economy in transition economies. Natural Resources Institute report no 2635
Davis B, Winters P, Reardon T, Stamoulis K (2009) Rural nonfarm employment and farming: household-level linkages. Agric Econ 40(2):119–123
Davis K, Di Giuseppe S, Zezza A (2017) Are African households (not) leaving agriculture? Patterns of households’ income sources in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy 67:153–174
FAO (2010) Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high. International hunger targets difficult to reach. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf
FAO (2014) The state of food insecurity in the world 2014. Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, Rome
Ferreira FHG, Lanjouw P (2001) Rural non-farm activities and poverty in the Brazilian Northeast. World Dev 29(3):509–528
Ghana News Agency (GNA) (2015) Women and children, victims of malnutrition. Accra: Author.
Giannakis E, Efstratoglou S, Antoniades A (2018) Off-farm employment and economic crisis: evidence from Cyprus. Agriculture 8(3):41
Gillespie J, Mishra A (2011) Off farm employment and reasons for entering farming as determinants of production enterprise selection in US agriculture. Aust J Agric Resour Econ 55:411–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2011.00542.x
Gladwin CH, Thomson AM, Paterson JS, Anderson AS (2001) Addressing food security in Africa via multiple livelihood strategies of women farmers. Food Policy 26(2):177–207
Haggblade S, Hazell P, Reardon T (2002) Strategies for stimulating poverty alleviating growth in the rural non-farm economy in developing countries. EPTD Discussion Paper No. 92. Washington, DC: Environment and Production Technology Division, IFPRI, and Rural Development Department, World Bank
Haggblade S, Hazell P, Reardon T (2010) The rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Dev 38:1429–1441
Hilson GM, Garforth CJ (2012) ‘Agricultural poverty’ and the expansion of artisanal mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: experiences from Southwest Mali and Southeast Ghana. Popul Res Policy Rev 31(3):435–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-012-9229-6
Hoang TX, Pham CS, Ulubasoglu MA (2014) Non-farm activity, household expenditure, and poverty reduction in rural Vietnam: 2002–2008. World Dev 64:554–568
Hossain MJ, Al-Amin AKMA (2018) Non-farm income and consumption expenditures in rural Bangladesh: empirical evidence from multilevel regression modelling. J Quant Econ 1–20
Ibnouf FO (2009) The role of women in providing and improving household food security in Sudan: implications for reducing hunger and malnutrition. J Int Womens Stud 10:144–167
Imai KS, Gaiha R, Thapa G (2015) Does non-farm sector employment reduce rural poverty and vulnerability? Evidence from Vietnam and India. J Asian Econ 36:47–61
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (2016) Global hunger index: getting to zero hunger. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292260. Accessed 15 Oct 2019
Jonasson E, Helfand SM (2010) How important are locational characteristics for rural non-agricultural employment? Lessons from Brazil. World Dev 38(5):727–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.020
Lanjouw J, Lanjouw P (2001) The rural non-farm sector: issues and evidence from developing countries. Agric Econ 26:1–23
Lanjouw P, Shariff A (2004) Rural non-farm employment in India: access, incomes and poverty impact. Econ Polit Wkly 39(40):4429–4446
Lanjouw P, Murgai R, Stern N (2013) Nonfarm diversification, poverty, economic mobility, and income inequality: a case study in village India. Agric Econ 44(4–5):461–473
Little PD, Kevin S, Barbara CA, Layne CD, Christopher B (2001) Avoiding disaster: diversification and risk management among East African herders, Development and Change
Ma W, Abdulai A, Goetz R (2018) Agricultural cooperatives and investment in organic soil amendments and chemical fertilizer in China. Am J Agric Econ 100(2):502–520
Madaki JU, Adefila JO (2014) Contributions of rural non-farm economic activities to household income in Lere Area, Kaduna State of Nigeria. Int J Asian Soc Sci 4(5):654–663
Mechlem K (2004) Food security and the right to food in the discourse of the United Nations. Eur Law J 10(5):631–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2004.00235.x
Mishra AK, Khanal AR (2017) Assessing food security in rural Bangladesh: the role of a nonfarm economy. In: World agricultural resources and food security. Frontiers of economics and globalization, vol 17. Emerald Publishing, Bingley, pp 241–257
Mishra AK, Mottaleb KA, Mohanty S (2015) Impact of off-farm income on food expenditures in rural Bangladesh: an unconditional quantile regression approach. Agric Econ 46(2):139–148
Morton JF (2007) The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(50):19680–19685
Mulley B, Unruh J (2004) The role of off-farm employment in tropical forest conservation: labor, migration, and smallholder attitudes towards land in western Uganda. J Environ Manag 71:193–205
Nah SL, Chau CF (2010) Issues and challenges in defeating world hunger. Trends Food Sci Technol 21:544–557
Nastis S, Michailidis A (2020) Agricultural productivity: supporting the United Nation’s sustainable development goals. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Zero hunger, Springer
O’Hara P (1998) Partners in production? Women, farm and family in Ireland. Berghahn Books, New York/Oxford
Oseni G, Winters P (2009) Rural nonfarm activities and agricultural crop production in Nigeria. Agric Econ 40(2):189–201
Owusu V, Abdulai A, Abdul-Rahman S (2011) Non-farm work and food security among farm households in Northern Ghana. Food Policy 36:108–118
Reach Consultant Ltd, Canadian Hunger Foundation (2013) Assessment of CIDA’s food security strategy and funding in Ethiopia. Canadian Food Security Policy Group, Ottawa. http://www.ccic.ca/_files/en/working_groups/2013_07_29_Ethiopia_Report_FSPG.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2019
Reardon T (1997) Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa. World Development 25(5): 735–748
Reardon T, Stamoulis K, Balisacan A, Cruz ME, Berdegué J, Banks B (1998) Rural non-farm income in developing countries. The state of food and agriculture 1998. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 283–356
Reardon T, Taylor JE, Stamoulis K, Lanjouw P, Balisacan A (2000) Effects of nonfarm employment on rural income inequality in developing countries: an investment perspective. J Agric Econ 51(2):266–288
Sani S (2017) Rural households’ towards off-farm and non-farm employment opportunities in Assosa Zone, Western Ethiopia. J Agric Econ Ext Rural Dev 5(1):579–589
Schlenker W, Lobell DB (2010) Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture. Environ Res Lett 5:014010
Sergaki P, Michailidis A (2020) Small-SCALE FOOD Producers: Challenges and implications for SDG2. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Zero hunger, Springer
Tran TQ (2015) Nonfarm employment and household income among ethnic minorities in Vietnam. Econ Res Ekonomska Istraživanja 28(1):703–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2015.1087872
Tura HA (2017) Linking land rights and the right to adequate food in Ethiopia: normative and implementation gaps. Nord J Hum Rights 35(2):85–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2017.1312860
Tuyen TQ (2014) A review on the link between nonfarm employment, land and rural livelihoods in developing countries and Vietnam. Ekonomski Horizonti 16:113–123
UN (1982) A world charter for nature. United Nations, New York
von Grebmer K, Bernstein J, Nabarro D, Prasai N, Amin S, Yohannes Y, Sonntag A, Patterson F, Towey O, Thompson J (2016) 2016 Global hunger index: getting to zero hunger. Welthungerhilfe/International Food Policy Research Institute/Concern Worldwide, Bonn/Washington, DC/Dublin. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292260. Accessed on 10 Oct 2019
Vlontzos G (2020) Research and innovation towards sustainable development goals in agriculture encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals: Zero hunger, Springer
WFP (2009) World hunger series: hunger and markets. WFP, Rome. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp200279.pdf
Wu SH, Ho CT, Nah SL, Chau CF (2014) Global hunger: a challenge to agricultural, food, and nutritional sciences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54(2):151–162
Zereyesus YA, Embaye W, Tsiboe EF, Amanor-Boadu V (2017) Implications of non-farm work to vulnerability to food poverty-recent evidence from northern Ghana. World Dev 91:113–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Michailidis, A., Lazaridou, D. (2020). Non-farm Employment: A Key Challenge to Achieve Zero Hunger. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P.G., Wall, T. (eds) Zero Hunger. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95674-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95675-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences