Definitions
As the world population continues to grow and natural resources become scarce, it is necessary to find alternative ways to provide sufficient and nutritious food for all. Aquaculture is a very efficient food production system which can produce a big amount of food; however, in the case of marine organisms, the dependence on fish meal and fish oil has contributed to the depletion of fish stocks and to the increase of feed prices. Further, existing aquaculture plant-based feed alternatives have contributed to the degradation of natural biomes, such as the Amazonian rain forest, among several other environmental problems. Insects have been lately considered as viable feed ingredients for marine organisms. These are highly rich in proteins among other important nutrients and are more efficient food converters than other animals. Their low requirement for arable land, water, and food, as well as their low carbon dioxide emissions, makes insects a more sustainable source of feed...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alegbeleye WO, Obasa SO, Olude OO et al (2012) Preliminary evaluation of the nutritive value of the variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus L.) for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell. 1822) fingerlings. Aquac Res 43:412–420
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012) World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA working paper no. 12-03. Rome
Allan JD, Wipfli MS, Caouette JP et al (2003) Influence of streamside vegetation on inputs of terrestrial invertebrates to salmonid food webs. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:309–320
Baker R, Günther C (2004) The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends Food Sci Technol 15(10):484–488
Barroso FG, de Haro C, Sánchez-Muros MJ et al (2014) The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture 422–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.024
Baxter CV, Fausch KD, Carl Saunders W (2005) Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. Freshw Biol 50:201–220
Belghit I, Liland NS, Gjesdal P et al (2019) Black soldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 503:609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.12.032
Bharti V, Pandey P, Koushlesh S (2014) Single cell proteins: a novel approach in aquaculture systems. World Aquac 45(4):62–63
Bjergene LR (2016) Interactive effects of plant-based fish diets may harm the environment. In: All about feed. http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Compound-Feed/Articles/2016/12/Plant-based-fish-diets-may-harm-the-environment-65927E/?intcmp=related-content&intcmp=related-content
Bondari K, Sheppard DC (1981) Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production. Aquaculture 24:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(81)90047-8
da Silva VP, van der Werf HM, Spies A, Soares SR (2010) Variability in environmental impacts of Brazilian soybean according to crop production and transport scenarios. J Environ Manag 91:1831–1839
de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMB, de Morais RMSC (2015) Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 13:2967–3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13052967
EFSA Scientific Committee (2015) Scientific opinion on a risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA J 13:4257. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257
Erickson MC, Islam M, Sheppard C et al (2004) Reduction of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly. J Food Prot 67:685–690
EU (2010) Assessment of the options to improve the management of biowaste in the European Union, final report. Study contract nr. 07.0307/2008/517621/ETU/G4 European Commission Dg Environment, Arcadis project nr. 11/004759/version C/12-02-2010
Fang X, Yu D, Buentello A et al (2016) Evaluation of new non-genetically modified soybean varieties as ingredients in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 451:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.08.026
FAO (2010) How to feed the World in 2050. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
FAO (2011) Global food losses and food waste – Extent, causes and prevention. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2697e.pdf
FAO (2016) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016 – contributing to food security and nutrition for all. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf
FAO (2018) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – meeting the sustainable development goals. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I9540EN/
Godfray HCJ, Crute IR, Haddad L, et al (2010) The future of the global food system. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365:2769–2777
Gustavsson J (2011) Save the food. Study conducted for the International congress. SIK–The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Dusseldorf
Halloran A, Vantomme P, Hanboonsong Y, Ekesi S (2015) Regulating edible insects: the challenge of addressing food security, nature conservation, and the erosion of traditional food culture. Food Sec 7:739–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0463-8
Halloran A, Roos N, Eilenberg J et al (2016) Life cycle assessment of edible insects for food protein: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 36:57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0392-8
Henry M, Gasco L, Piccolo G, Fountoulaki E (2015) Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Anim Feed Sci Technol 203:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.001
Kawaguchi Y, Taniguchi Y, Nakano S (2003) Terrestrial invertebrate inputs determine the local abundance of stream fishes in a forested stream. Ecology 84:701–708
Kazemi A, Ostadrahimi A, Ashrafnejad F et al (2014) Mold contamination of untreated and roasted with salt nuts (walnuts, peanuts and pistachios) sold at markets of Tabriz, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 7. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.8751
Lähteenmäki-Uutela A, Grmelová N, Hénault-Ethier L et al (2017) Insects as food and feed: laws of the European Union, United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and China. Eur Food Feed Law Rev 12:22–36
Li MH, Robinson EH (2006) Use of cottonseed meal in aquatic animal diets: a review. N Am J Aquac 68:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1577/A05-028.1
Li P, Mai K, Trushenski J, Wu G (2009) New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds. Amino Acids 37:43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0171-1
Liland NS, Biancarosa I, Araujo P et al (2017) Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media. PLoS One 12:e0183188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183188
Lin CSK, Pfaltzgraff LA, Herrero-Davila L et al (2013) Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective. Energy Environ Sci 6:426–464
Liu Q, Tomberlin JK, Brady JA et al (2008) Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduce Escherichia coli in dairy manure. Environ Entomol 37:1525–1530. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-37.6.1525
Makkar HPS, Tran G, Heuzé V, Ankers P (2014) State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 197:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008
Mitchell D (2008) A note on rising food prices. World Bank, Washington, DC
Mosberian-Tanha P, Schrama JW, Landsverk T et al (2017) The effect of plant-based diet and suboptimal environmental conditions on digestive function and diet-induced enteropathy in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12539
Nakano S, Murakami M (2001) Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:166–170
Naylor RL, Goldburg RJ, Primavera JH et al (2000) Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405:1017–1024
Naylor RL, Hardy RW, Bureau DP et al (2009) Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:15103–15110. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905235106
Nichols PD, Petrie J, Singh S (2010) Long-chain omega-3 oils–an update on sustainable sources. Nutrients 2:572–585. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2060572
Nijdam D, Rood T, Westhoek H (2012) The price of protein: review of land use and carbon footprints from life cycle assessments of animal food products and their substitutes. Food Policy 37:760–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.08.002
Nogales-Mérida S, Gobbi P, Józefiak D, et al (2019), Insect meals in fish nutrition. Rev Aquacult 11(4):1080–1103
Oenema O, Oudendag D, Velthof GL (2007) Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union. Livest Sci 112:261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.09.007
Ogunji JO (2004) Alternative protein sources in diets for farmed tilapia. Nutr Abstr Rev 74:23–32
Oonincx DGAB, De Boer IJM (2012) Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans–a life cycle assessment. PLoS One 7:e51145
Payne CLR, Scarborough P, Rayner M, Nonaka K (2016) A systematic review of nutrient composition data available for twelve commercially available edible insects, and comparison with reference values. Trends Food Sci Technol 47:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.10.012
Sargent JR, Tacon AGJ (1999) Development of farmed fish: a nutritionally necessary alternative to meat. Proc Nutr Soc 58:377–383. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665199001366
Sayeki M, Kitagawa T, Matsumoto M, et al (2001) Chemical composition and energy value of dried meal from food waste as feedstuff in swine and cattle. Anim Sci J 72(7):34–40
Sealey WM, Gaylord TG, Barrows FT et al (2011) Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. J World Aquacult Soc 42:34–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00441.x
Sheppard C (1983) House fly and lesser fly control utilizing the black soldier fly in manure management systems for caged laying hens. Environ Entomol 12:1439–1442
Soto JO, Paniagua-Michel JDJ, Lopez L, Ochoa L (2015) Functional feeds in aquaculture. In: Springer handbook of marine biotechnology. Springer, New York, pp 1303–1319
Sowa SM, Keeley LL (1996) Free amino acids in the hemolymph of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 113:131–134
St-Hilaire S, Cranfill K, McGuire MA et al (2007) Fish offal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. J World Aquacult Soc 38:309–313
Stoneham TR, Kuhn DD, Taylor DP et al (2018) Production of omega-3 enriched tilapia through the dietary use of algae meal or fish oil: improved nutrient value of fillet and offal. PLoS One 13:e0194241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194241
Tacon AGJ (1993) Feed ingredients for warm water fish: fish meal and other processed feedstuffs. FAO Fisheries Circular (FAO). no. 856. FAO, Rome, 64p.
Tacon AGJ, Metian M (2008) Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285:146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015
Tiu LG (2012) Enhancing sustainability of freshwater prawn production in Ohio. Ohio State University South Centers Newsletter Fall 2012
Tran HV, Makkar HPS (2015) Insects in fish diets. Anim Front 5:37–44. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2015-0018
Turchini GM, Torstensen BE, Ng WK (2009) Fish oil replacement in finfish nutrition. Rev Aquac 1:10–57
UNDP (2017) Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone, UN, New York, 284p. https://doi.org/10.18356/b6186701-en
van Huis A, Van Itterbeeck J, Klunder H, et al (2013) Edible insects–future prospects for food and feed security. FAO forestry paper no. 171
Wells ML, Potin P, Craigie JS et al (2017) Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. J Appl Phycol 29:949–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0974-5
Whitton PS, Nicholson RA, Bell MF, Strang RHC (1995) Biosynthesis of taurine in tissues of the locust (Schistocerca americana gregaria) and the effect of physiological and toxicological stresses on biosynthetic rate of this amino acid. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 25:83–87
Wilson RP, Robinson EH, Poe WE (1981) Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for channel catfish. J Nutr 111:923–929. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.02371.x
Yen AL, Van Itterbeeck J (2016) No taxonomists? No progress. J Insects Food Feed 2:223–224. https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.x004
Yue YR, Liu YJ, Tian LX et al (2012) Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and peanut meal on growth, feed utilization and haemolymph indexes for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Aquac Res 43:1687–1696. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02976.x
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to FCT/MCES for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017) through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020, and to project SUShI (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818), co-funded by Centro 2020 program, Portugal 2020, European Union, through the European Regional Development Fund, through the National Science Foundation (FCT/MCTES). OMCCA is funded by national funds (OE), through FCT, in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5, and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. DPR is funded by a PhD grant attributed by FCT/MCTES (PD/BD/143093/2018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ameixa, O.M.C.C., Duarte, P.M., Rodrigues, D.P. (2020). Insects, Food Security, and Sustainable Aquaculture. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P.G., Wall, T. (eds) Zero Hunger. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_111
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_111
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95674-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95675-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences