Table 3 Skill types by institutions and researchers
From: Skill Mismatch Research: Skill Dimensions in Vocational Education and Training
Common skill type | ILO | UNESCO | US | Singapore | Australia | Korea | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brewer and Coryn (2015) analysis of six countries | Stoevska (2015) generic type | UNESCO (2014) | CareerOneStop (2017) | O*NET (2017) | Casner-Lotto and Barrington (2006) | O’Neil et al. (1992) | SCANS (1991) | ACT WorkKeys (2015) | Workforce skills qualifications (2017) | Curtis and McKenzie (2001) | Na et al. (2003) | ||
Core skills | Basic skills | Basic or foundational skills - Literacy - Numeracy | Basic skills - Writing and reading skills - Numeracy | Foundation skill - Basic academic knowledge - Literacy - Numeracy | Academic competencies - Reading - Writing - Mathematics - Science - Communication (listening and speaking) - Critical and analytic thinking - Basic computer skills | Basic skills - Reading comprehension - Active listening - Writing - Speaking - Mathematics - Science - Critical thinking - Active learning - Learning strategies - Monitoring | Basic knowledge skills - Speaking - Reading - Writing - Mathematics - Science - Economy - Foreign language | Basic skills - Reading - Writing - Computation - Arithmetic - Communication skills - Academic skills | Basic skills - Reading - Writing - Mathematics - Listening - Speaking | - Reading and using work-related text - Applying mathematical reasoning to work-related problems | Foundational competencies | Basic skills - Thinking skills - Contextual understanding - Organizational skills | Basic competencies - Literacy - Numeracy - Communication skills |
Personal or professional skills | Professional or personal skills - Honesty, integrity - Work ethic | Generic/transferable/soft portable skills - Professional and personal skills (punctuality, honesty, reliability, dependability, self-organization, teamwork) | Transversal skills - Interpersonal skills (e.g., presentation and communication, organizational skills, teamwork) - Intrapersonal skills (self-discipline, enthusiasm, perseverance, self-motivation) | Personal effectiveness competencies - Interpersonal competencies - Integrity - Personal acceptability - Initiative - Dependability and reliability - Lifelong learning | Cross-functional skills - Social skills | Applied skills - Teamwork/collaboration - Diversity - Lifelong learning/self-direction - Professionalism/work ethic - Ethics/social responsibility | Personal characteristics and attitudes - Responsibility - Self-esteem, Self-management - Integrity - Personal work habits Interpersonal and teamwork skills - Serves customers, - Works with diversity - Leadership - Teamwork, organizational structure - Interact socially | Personal qualities - Responsibility - Self-esteem - Sociability - Self management - Integrity/honesty - Interpersonal | Cross-cutting competencies | Personal attributes - Continuous learning - Personal attributes - Interpersonal skills | Basic competencies - Interpersonal skills - Self-development | ||
Other core skills | Core work skills - The abilities to learn and adapt - To think creatively - To solve problems independently - To read, write, and compute competently - To listen and communicate effectively - To manage oneself at work - To interact with co-workers - To work in teams or groups - To handle basic technology - To lead effectively, as well as follow supervision | Generic/transferable/soft portable skills - Problem-solving skills - Decision-making skills - Communication skills - ICT skills | Transversal skills -Global citizenship (respect for diversity) - Media and information literacy | Workplace competencies - Creative thinking and problem-solving - Business fundamentals - Teamwork - Adaptability and flexibility - Marketing and customer focus - Scheduling and coordinating - Checking and examining and recording - Working with tools and technology | Cross-functional skills - Complex problem-solving skills - Systems skills - Resource management skills - Technical skills | Applied skills - Critical thinking/problem-solving, - Creativity/ innovation - Oral communications - Written communications - Information technology application - Leadership | Higher-order thinking skills - Creative thinking - Decision-making - Problem-solving - Reasoning - Drawing conclusion - Etc. | Thinking skills - Creative thinking - Decision-making - Problem-solving - Knowing how to learn - Reasoning Resources, information, literacy systems technology | - Problem-solving - Critical thinking - Information literacy - Comparing, summarizing, and analyzing information - | Intellectual abilities - Thinking Skills - Contextual understanding (understand interrelationship in work process and systems) - Organizational skills (resource management, coordinate task, etc. | Basic competencies - Problem-solving - Information organizational skills - Business/ management skills - Physical ability - Technical skills | ||
Industry Specific Skills | - Industry-wide technical competencies - Industry-sector technical competencies | - | Industry competencies | Common industrial competencies | |||||||||
Occupation Specific Skills | Vocational/ technical skills - Specialized skills, - knowledge or know-how needed to perform specific duties or tasks | Job-specific skills/technical skills - Specialist knowledge needed to perform job duties - Knowledge of particular products or services produced - Ability of operating specialized technical tools and machinery - Knowledge of materials worked on | Specialized skills - Specific “know-how” needed for a fulfilling and meaningful life and decent employment | - Occupation-specific requirements - Management competencies | -- | Occupational competencies | Work performance competency (which also includes common industrial competency, mandatory competency, and optional competency) | ||||||