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Hydrogel Synthesis and Design

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Functional Biopolymers

Part of the book series: Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series ((POPOC))

Abstract

The capacity to exploit the many possible applications of hydrogels is strongly tied to our capacity to synthesize hydrogels with well-defined chemistries and structures. Herein, we review the major strategies used for the synthesis of hydrogels, focusing on the key choices to be made in terms of the chemical and structural properties of the backbone polymer, the nature of the crosslinking strategy used (in terms of both the mechanism and the permanence of network formation), and the length scale at which network formation is conducted. The impacts of these various choices on the ultimate properties of the hydrogels generated are emphasized in the context of the rational design of hydrogel compositions and structures for target applications.

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Abbreviations

AIBME:

Dimethyl 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionate)

AIBN:

Azobisisobutyronitrile

CD:

Cyclodextrin

CNCs:

Cellulose nanocrystals

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

CuAAC:

Copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide click reaction

CV:

Coefficient of variance

DHs:

Dendrimer-based hydrogels

GRAS:

Generally recognized as safe (FDA)

GelMA:

Methacrylated gelatin

HA:

Hyaluronic acid, HA

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

IPN:

Interpenetrating polymer network

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PAAm:

Poly(acrylamide)

PAH:

Poly(allylamine hydrochloride)

PAMAM:

Poly(amidoamine)

PCL:

Poly(ɛ -caprolactone)

PDADMAC:

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

PDLA:

Poly(d-lactic acid)

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PHEMA:

Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid)

PLL:

Poly-l-lysine

PLLA:

Poly(l-lactic acid)

PMAA:

Poly(methacrylic acid)

PNIPAM:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

POEGMA:

Poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate)

POLAMA:

Poly(oligolactic acid methacrylate)

PPF:

Poly(propylene fumarate)

PRINT:

Particle replication in non-wetting templates

PSS:

Poly(styrene sulfonate)

PU:

Poly(urethane)

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

PVP:

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)

QDs:

Quantum dots

SPAAC:

Strain-promoted alkyne-azide click reactions

STMP:

Sodium trimetaphosphate

STPP:

Sodium tripolyphosphate

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TEMED:

Tetramethylethylenediamine

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Michael J. Majcher & Todd Hoare

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  1. Minerals, King Fahd University of Petroleum a, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder

  2. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Heather Sheardown

  3. Minerals, King Fahd University of Petroleum a, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Amir Al-Ahmed

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Majcher, M.J., Hoare, T. (2018). Hydrogel Synthesis and Design. In: Jafar Mazumder, M., Sheardown, H., Al-Ahmed, A. (eds) Functional Biopolymers. Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92066-5_9-1

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