Introduction
Mohammed Abd-el-Krim Al-Khattabi became an icon throughout the world for initiating extensively organized resistance initially against the Spanish and then the French imperial powers in the Rif region of northern Morocco during the years 1921–1926, the first country founded after a successful war of decolonization. Unlike most uprisings, achieving independence was not the trigger for his struggle: Abd-el-Krim did not turn resistance fighter against imperialism defined as a means of achieving greater economic progress but rather against exploitation and injustice. Abd-el-Krim was a Rifi, an ethnic group within the region’s larger Berber community, with Tamazight being the native language of the Rifis. Until then, neither of the two powers had ever encountered a firmly united opponent that was astonishingly well organized both politically...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Abd-el-Krim. (1927). Memoiren, Mein Krieg gegen Spanien und Frankreich. Dresden: Carl Reissner Verlag.
Abel, W., & Fisch, P. (2011). Bayos Warnung wurde blutige Realität. Vor 75 Jahren putschen Spaniens Generale – Mallorca im Krieg (Teil 2). July 23. http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/202717.bayos-warnung-wurde-blutige-realitaet.html
Ayache, G. (1981). Les origines de la guerre du Rif. Rabat: Société marocaine des éditeurs réunis/Publications de la Sorbonne.
Balfour, S. (2002). Deadly embrace: Morocco and the road to the Spanish civil war. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barrada, H., & Sitbon, G. (2004). Le Juif et l’Arabe: Dialogues de guerre. Paris: Plon.
Bode, J. (1926). Abd El Krim’s Freiheitskampf gegen Franzosen und Spanier. Charlottenburg: Verlag Offene Worte.
Castro, F., & Ramonet, I. (2008). My life: A spoken autobiography. New York: Scribner.
Coon, C. (1931). Tribes of the Rif (p. 65). Cambridge, MA: Peabody museum of Harvard university.
Dosal, P. J. (2010). Comandante Che: Guerrilla soldier, commander, and strategist, 1956–1967. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
El-Asrouti, F. (2007). Der Rif-Krieg 1921–1926: Eine kritische Untersuchung des gesellschaftlichen Transformationsprozesses unter Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al Hattabi. Berlin: Klaus-Schwarz-Verlag. http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/iud/content/pageview/290437.
Er, M. (2015). Abd-el-Krim al-Khattabi: The unknown Mentor of Che Guevara. Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.997355.
Er, M., & Rich, P. B. (2015). Abd el-Krim’s guerrilla war against Spain and France in North Africa: An adventure setting for screen melodramas. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 26(4), 597–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050847.
Fleming, S. E. (1991). Primo de Rivera and Abd-e-Krim: The struggle in Spanish Morocco, 1923–1927. New York: Garland Publishing.
Furneaux, R. (1967). Abdel Krim, emir of the Rif. London: Secker & Warburg.
Hansen, J. (1960). The truth about Cuba. In Militant. New York: Pioneer Publishers. http://www.walterlippmann.com/hansen-truth-about-cuba.html
Hart, D. M. (1976). The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An ethnography and history. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Kunz, R., & Müller, R. D. (1990). Giftgas gegen Abd el Krim. Deutschland, Spanien und der Gaskrieg in Spanisch-Marokko 1922–1927. Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach Freiburg Verlag.
Malbert, T. (2016). L’exil d’Abdelkrim El-Khattabi à La Réunion: 1926–1947. Réunion: Orphie.
Pechkoff, Z. (1926). Bugle sounds: Life in the foreign legion. New York: Appleton.
Pennell, C. R. (1986). A country with a government and a flag: The Rif war in Morocco, 1921–1926. Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press.
Pennell, C. R. (1987). Women and resistance to colonialism in Morocco. The Rif 1916–1926. Journal of African History, 28, 107–118.
Pröbster, E. (1925). Die Befriedung der Berbern und der Rifkrieg. Preußische Jahrbücher, 202, 147–164.
Sasse, D. (2006). Franzosen, Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921–1926: Spekulanten und Sympathisanten, Deserteure und Hasardeure im Dienste Abdelkrims. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. https://www.perspectivia.net/publikationen/phs/sasse_rifkrieg.
Scurr, J. (1985). The Spanish foreign legion. London: Osprey Men-at-Arms Publishing.
Seymour, R. (2008). The liberal defence of murder. New York: Verso.
Sneevliet, H. (1942). H. Sneevliet, teksten van Revolutionaire socialisten 1911–1942. Uitgave herdenkingscomité April 13-October 16, 1942. http://www.marxists.org/archive/sneevliet/1926/class-liberation.htm
Terhorst, B. (1925). Feuer am Rif. Zwei Jahre unter Rifkabylen. Berlin: Neufeld und Henius.
Windrow, M. (2010). Our friends beneath the sands: The foreign legion in France’s colonial conquests: 1870–1935. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Woolman, D. S. (1968). Rebels in the Rif: Abd-el-Krim and the Rif rebellion. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Er, M. (2019). Abd-el-Krim al-Khattabi (1882–1963). In: Ness, I., Cope, Z. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_11-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_11-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91206-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91206-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference HistoryReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities