Skip to main content

An Overview of Women’s Health in the Arab World

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World

Abstract

The Arab world comprises of 22 countries with a population of more than 350 million people. Nearly half of the population are women, most of whom are young and middle-aged. Women’s health has made some remarkable progress in the context of the rights of women in accessing the health care system and in the control of maternal diseases. However, the Arab world is experiencing a significant increase in hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The major contributor is an unhealthy lifestyle due to low physical activity, unhealthy diets, smoking, and prolonged sitting times. Information on sexual health is not openly available and women, especially adolescents, lack knowledge of sexual health and related problems. There is lack of information on exposure to environmental hazards and their associations with newly emerging health issues such as various types of cancers and immune-related diseases. Hence, the majority of common health problems in women can be discussed under the following broad headings: lifestyle diseases, reproductive health/hormonal problems, psychosocial and behavioral problems, and common cancers in women. Future policies targeting women’s health should focus on the determinants of health related to the environmental and social factors prevailing in the Arab world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas MA. Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue (2017) J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 165(Pt B):369–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.004

  • Abdel-Khalek AM, Korayem AS, El-Nayal MA (2012) Self-esteem among college students from four Arab countries. Psychol Rep 110:297–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abramsky T, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C, Devries K, Kiss L, Ellsberg M, … Heise L (2011) What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. BMC Public Health 11:109

    Google Scholar 

  • Abuyassin B, Laher I (2016) Diabetes epidemic sweeping the Arab world. World J Diabetes 7(8):165–174. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i8.165

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al Alhareth Y, Alhareth Y, Dighrir I (2015) Review of women and Society in Saudi Arabia. Am J Educ Res 3:121–125. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-3-2-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Badayneh MD (2012) Violence against women in Jordan. J Fam Violence 27(5):369–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Dabal BK, Koura MR, Rasheed P, Al-Sowielem L, Makki SM (2010) A comparative study of perceived stress among female medical and non-medical university students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 10:231–240

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, El-Kholie E, Yousef M et al (2012) Increased vitamin D supplementation recommended during summer season in the gulf region: a counterintuitive seasonal effect in vitamin D levels in adult, overweight and obese middle eastern residents. Clin Endocrinol 76:346–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldaqal SM, Sehlo MG (2013) Self-esteem and quality of life in adolescents with extreme obesity in Saudi Arabia: the effect of weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 35:259–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldosari H (2017) The effects of gender norms on womens health in Saudi Arabia. The Arab Gulf states Institute in Washington. Building bridges of understanding. Accessed at https://agsiw.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Aldosari_Womens-Health_Online-1.pdf

  • AlDughaither A, AlMutairy H, AlAteeq M (2015) Menopausal symptoms and quality of life among Saudi women visiting primary care clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Women’s Health 7:645–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Eisa ES, Al-Sobayel HI (2012) Physical activity and health beliefs among Saudi women. J Nutr Metab:642187. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/642187

  • AlHabib KF, Hersi A, AlFaleh H et al (2009) The Saudi Project for Assessment of Coronary Events (SPACE) registry: design and results of a phase I pilot study. Can J Cardiol 25(7):e255–e258

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hazzaa HM (2007) Health-enhancing physical activity among Saudi adults using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Public Health Nutr 10(1):59–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hazzaa H (2018) Physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia revisited: a systematic review of inactivity prevalence and perceived barriers to active living. Int J Health Sci 12:50–64

    Google Scholar 

  • AlKhatib AS (2012) Exploring the relationship among loneliness, self-esteem, self- efficacy and gender in United Arab Emirates college students. Eur J Psychol 8:159–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen TJ, Sherman JW (2011) Ego threat and intergroup bias: a test of motivated- activation versus self-regulatory accounts. Psychol Sci 22(3):331–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611399291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almahmeed W, Arnaout MS, Chettaoui R, Ibrahim M, Kurdi MI, Taher MA, Mancia G (2012) Coronary artery disease in Africa and the Middle East. Ther Clin Risk Manag 8:65–72

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Almosaed N (2004) Violence against women: a cross-cultural perspective. J Muslim Minor Aff 24(1):67–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AlNohair S (2014) Obesity in Gulf countries. Int J Health Sci 8(1):79–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Nozha MM, Al-Hazzaa HM, Arafah MR, Al-Khadra A, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Maatouq MA, Khan NB, Al-Marzouki K, Al-Harthi SS, Abdullah M, Al-Shahid MS (2007) Prevalence of physical activity and inactivity among Saudis aged 30-70 years. A population-based cross-sectional study. Saudi Med J 28(4):559–568

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Otaibi HH (2013) Measuring stages of change, perceived barriers and self-efficacy for physical activity in Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14(2):1009–1016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, Tayel SA (2009) Barriers to a healthy lifestyle among patients attending primary care clinics at a university hospital in Riyadh. Ann Saudi Med 29(1):30–35. https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.51818. PubMed PMID: 19139617; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2813614

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Al Muneef M (2013a) Determinants of sexual health knowledge in adolescent girls in schools of Riyadh-Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health 13:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-13-19

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz J, Siddiqui A, Tayel S, Habib F (2013b) Determinants of severity of menopausal symptoms among Saudi women in Riyadh city. Climacteric 16:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz J, Tayel S, Habib F (2013c) Assessment of symptoms of menopause and their severity among Saudi women in Riyadh City. Ann Saudi Med 33:63–67

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, Siddiqui AR, Qureshi RH et al (2014a) Women health in Saudi Arabia: a review of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Pak J Med Sci 30(2):422–431

    Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Tayel S, Shaikh SA, Al-Sharif A, Othman S, Habib F, Fouda M, Sulaimani R (2014b) Prevalence and factors associated with low bone mineral density in Saudi women: a community-based survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 15:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz JM, Kazi A, Qureshi R, Siddiqui AR, Jamal A, Shaik SA (2015) Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk among women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Women Health 55(1):103–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2014.972020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Habib F, AlBugami M, AlDughaither A (2017a) Factors associated with different symptom domains among postmenopausal Saudi women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Menopause 24(12):1392–1401. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000931

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, AlMuneef M, Kazi A, AlMeneiser J (2017b) Social determinants of domestic violence among Saudi married women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Interpers Violence:1–25 (IF:1.579). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517746128

  • AlQuaiz A, Kazi A, Fouda M, Alyousefi N (2018) Age and gender differences in the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency. Arch Osteoporos 13:49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-018-0461-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AlQuaiz AM, Siddiqui AR, Kazi A, Batais MA, Al-Hazmi AM (2019) Sedentary lifestyle and Framingham risk scores: a population-based study in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 19(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1048-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Quaiz MJ, Almuneef MA, Minhas HR (2012) Knowledge, attitudes, and resources of sex education among female adolescents in public and private schools in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 33:1001–1009

    Google Scholar 

  • Alshahrani FM, Almalki MH, Aljohani N, Alzahrani A, Alsaleh Y, Holick MF (2013) Vitamin D: light side and best time of sunshine in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dermatoendocrinology 5:177–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shammari SA, Al-Subaie A (1999) Prevalence and correlates of depression among Saudi elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14(9):739–747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zalabani AH, Al-Hamdan NA, Saeed AA (2015) The prevalence of physical activity and its socioeconomic correlates in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional population-based national survey. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 10(2):208–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin TT, Al Khoudair AS, Al Harbi MA, Al Ali AR (2012) Leisure time physical activity in Saudi Arabia: prevalence, pattern and determining factors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13(1):351–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ardawi MS, Maimany AA, Bahksh TM, Nasrat HA, Millaat WA, Al-Raddadi RM (2005) Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudi Arabs. Osteoporos Int 16:43–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ardawi MS, Qari MH, Rouzi AA, Maimani AA, Raddadi RM (2011) Vitamin D status in relation to obesity, bone mineral density, bone turnover markers and vitamin D receptor genotypes in healthy Saudi pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 22:463–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armin M (2012) Effect of self-esteem and self- efficacy in family dynamics. Soc Behav Sci 46:53–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avis NE, Colvin A, Bromberger JT et al (2009) Change in health-related quality of life over the menopausal transition in a multiethnic cohort of middle-aged women: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause 16:860–869

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barnawi FH (2015) Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against women attending a primary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Interpers Violence 15:27. pii: 0886260515587669

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauld R, Brown FR (2009) Stress, psychological distress, psychosocial factors, menopause symptoms and physical health in women. Maturitas 62:160–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertoni M, Brunello G (2014) Pappa Ante Portas: the effect of the husband’s retirement on the wife’s mental health. IZA discussion paper no. 8350

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutayeb A, Lamlili M, Boutayeb W, Abdellatif M, Ziyyat A (2012) The rise of diabetes prevalence in the Arab region. Open J Epidemiol 2:55–60. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2012.22009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boy A, Kulczycki A (2008) What we know about intimate partner violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Violence Against Women 14(1):53–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull F, Dvorak J (2013) Tackling chronic disease through increased physical activity in the Arab world and the Middle East: challenge and opportunity. Br J Sports Med 47:600–602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caroli A, Poli A, Ricotta D, Banfi G, Cocchi D (2011) Invited review: dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art. J Dairy Sci 94(11):5249–5262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng LA, Mendonça G, Farias Júnior JC (2014) Physical activity in adolescents: analysis of the social influence of parents and friends. J Pediatr (Rio J) 90(1):35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.05.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto MW, Harlow BL (2006) Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:385–390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniali S, Azadbakht L, Mostafavi F (2013) Relationship between body satisfaction with self-esteem and unhealthy body weight management. J Educ Health Promot 2:29

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon G, Hussain R, Loxton D, Rahman S (2013) Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: a review of the literature. Int J Family Med 2013:313909

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly TT, Khater AH, Al-Bader SB, Al Kuwari MG, Al-Meer N, Malik M, Singh R, Jong FC (2013) Arab women’s breast cancer screening practices: a literature review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14(8):4519–4528. Review

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donohue G, the National Academy on Women’s Health Medical Education (1996) Women’s health in the curriculum: a resource guide for faculty. MCP\Hahneman, Philadelphia. (NAWHME) [Google Scholar]

    Google Scholar 

  • Douki S, Nacef F, Belhadj A, Bouasker A, Ghachem R (2003) Violence against women in Arab and Islamic countries. Arch Womens Ment Health 6(3):165–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elavsky S (2010) Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women. J Sport Exerc Psychol 32(6):862–880

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elmi AA, Bansal D, Acharya A, Skariah S, Dargham SR, Abu-Raddad LJ et al (2017) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: molecular epidemiology, genotyping, seroprevalence and associated risk factors among Arab Women in Qatar. PLoS One 12(1):e0169197

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban-Cornejo I, Tejero-Gonzalez CM, Sallis JF, Veiga OL (2014) Physical activity and cognition in adolescents: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 24, S1440-2440(14)00133-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.007

  • Fageeh WMK (2014) Factors associated with domestic violence: a cross- sectional survey among women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMJ Open 4:e004242

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon D, Hughes S, Brearley SG (2019) Experiences of breast cancer in Arab countries. A thematic synthesis. Qual Life Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02328-0. [Epub ahead of print], Review

  • Gerber LM, Mamtani R, Chiu YL et al (2014) Use of complementary and alternative medicine among midlife Arab women living in Qatar. East Mediterr Health J 20:554–560

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Global School-Based Health Survey (2005) Lebanon Ministry of Higher Education and Ministry of Health, Beirut. www.who.int/chp/gshs/2007_Lebanon_GSHS_Country_Report.pdf. Accessed 2 Sept 2012

  • Gold EB, Colvin A, Avis N et al (2006) Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Public Health 96:1226–1235

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hallam J, Boswell RG, DeVito EE, Kober H (2016) Gender-related differences in food craving and obesity. Yale J Biol Med 89(2):161–173. eCollection 2016 Jun. Review. PubMed PMID: 27354843; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4918881

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamadeh R, Borgan S, Sibai A (2017) Cancer research in the Arab world: a review of publications from seven countries between 2000–2013. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 17:147–154. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.17.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamaideh SH, Hamdan-Mansour AM (2014) Psychological, cognitive, and personal variables that predict college academic achievement among health sciences students. Nurse Educ Today 34(5):703–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.09.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haq A, Svobodová J, Imran S, Stanford C, Razzaque MS (2016) Vitamin D deficiency: a single centre analysis of patients from 136 countries. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 164:209–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashim MJ, Al-Shamsi FA, Al-Marzooqi NA, Al-Qasemi SS, Mokdad AH, Khan G (2018) Burden of breast cancer in the Arab world: findings from global burden of disease, 2016. J Epidemiol Glob Health 8(1–2):54–58. https://doi.org/10.2991/j.jegh.2018.09.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain AN, Alkhenizan AH, El Shaker M, Raef H, Gabr A (2014) Increasing trends and significance of hypovitaminosis D: a population-based study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arch Osteoporos 9:190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim N, Al-Kharboush D, El-Khatib L, Al-Habib A, Asali D (2013) Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression among female medical students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Iran J Public Health 42:726–736

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jassim G, Al-Shaboul Q (2008) Attitude of Bahraini women towards the menopause: implication for health policy. Maturitas 59:358–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanan RM, Al Saleh YM, Fakhoury HM, Adham M, Aljaser S, Tamimi W (2013) Year-round vitamin D deficiency among Saudi female out-patients. Public Health Nutr 16:544–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanter R, Caballero B (2012) Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Adv Nutr 3:491–498

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karaçam Z, Seker SE (2007) Factors associated with menopausal symptoms and their relationship with the quality of life among Turkish women. Maturitas 58:75–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karonova T, Belyaeva O, Jude EB, Tsiberkin A, Andreeva A, Grineva E, Pludowski P (2018) Serum 25(OH)D and adipokines levels in people with abdominal obesity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 175:170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.005

  • Kazi A, Romedan H, AlQuaiz MA (2015) Self-esteem and its correlates in Saudi women in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Menopause 2:213–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC (2003) Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord 74(1):5–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khader Y, Batieha A, Jaddou H et al (2019) Hypertension in Jordan: prevalence, awareness, control, and its associated factors. Int J Hypertens 2019:3210617. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3210617. 8 pages

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kposowa AJ, Aly Ezzat D. (2019) Religiosity, Conservatism, and Acceptability of Anti-Female Spousal Violence in Egypt. J Interpers Violence 34(12):2525–2550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516660976

  • Li J, Siegrist J (2012) Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease-a meta- analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9:391–407

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Looker AC, Borrud LG, Dawson-Hughes B, Shepherd JA, Wright NC (2012) Osteoporosis or low bone mass at the femur neck or lumbar spine in older adults: United States, 2005–2008. NCHS data brief no. 93

    Google Scholar 

  • Loutfy I, Abdel Aziz F, Dabbous N (2006) Women’s perception and experience of menopause: A community-based study in Alexandria, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J 12:93–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Maalouf G, Gannagé-Yared MH, Ezzedine J, Larijani B, Badawi S, Rached A et al (2007) Lebanese osteoporosis prevention society, Shariati hospital, Iran. Middle East and North Africa consensus on osteoporosis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 7(2):131–143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mabry R, Koohsari MJ, Bull F, Owen N (2016) A systematic review of physical activity and sedentary behaviour research in the oil-producing countries of the Arabian peninsula. BMC Public Health 16:1003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Memish ZA et al (2014) Obesity and associated factors – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis 11(10):E174. Epub 2014 Oct 9

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA et al (2009) IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 20:1807–1820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mokdad AH, Jaber S, Aziz MI, AlBuhairan F, AlGhaithi A, AlHamad NM, …, Murray CJ (2014) The state of health in the Arab world, 1990–2010: an analysis of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Lancet 383:309–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Nappi RE, Lachowsky M (2009) Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas 63:138–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser H, AlAyyaf M, Atallah A, Aminulislam M, Rizwan L, Aodah A, Alkahtani Y, Alshammari H, Alsayed A, Szpunar S (2017) Eleven-year review of data on Pap smears in Saudi Arabia: we need more focus on glandular abnormalities! Ann Saudi Med 37(4):265–271. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2017.265

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neal S, Matthews Z, Frost M, Fogstad H, Camacho AV, Laski L (2012) Childbearing in adolescents aged 12–15 in low resource countries: a neglected issue. New estimates from demographic and household surveys in 42 countries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 91:1114–1118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestler S, Egloff B (2013) The stigma of being overweight: when do attributions to discrimination protect self-esteem? Soc Psychol 44(1):26–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng M et al (2014) Global, regional and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults 1980–2013: a systematic analysis. Lancet 384(9945):766–781

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okasha M, McCarron P, McEwen J, Smith GD (2001) Age at menarche: secular trends and association with adult anthropometric measures. Ann Hum Biol 28:68–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson ML, Maalouf NM, Oden JD, White PC, Hutchison MR (2012) Vitamin D deficiency in obese children and its relationship to glucose homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:279–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orth U, Robbins WR (2013) Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 22:6455–6460. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413492763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen N (2012) Sedentary behavior: understanding and influencing adults’ prolonged sitting time. Prev Med 55:535–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.08.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Population Council (2010) Survey of young people in Egypt, final report: Population Council, Survey of Young People in Egypt, Final Report. http://www.popcouncil.org/projects/234_SurveyYoungPeopleEgypt.asp

  • Rigg C (2012) Common problems of the menopause. InnovAiT 5:541–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roudi-Fahimi F, El Feki S (2011) Facts of life. Youth sexuality and reproductive health in the Middle East and North Africa, Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org/Reports/2011/facts-of-life.aspx

  • Sadat-Ali M, Al Elq A, Al-Farhan M, Sadat NA (2013) Fortification with vitamin D: comparative study in the Saudi Arabian and US markets. J Family Community Med 20:49–52

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salim EI, Moore MA, Al-Lawati JA, Al-Sayyad J, Bazawir A, Bener A, Corbex M, El-Saghir N, Habib OS, Maziak W, Mokhtar HC, Seif-Eldrin IA, Sobue T (2009) Cancer epidemiology and control in the Arab world – past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 10(1):3–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sancho-Garnier H, Khazraji YC, Cherif MH, Mahnane A, Hsairi M, El Shalakamy A, Osgul N, Tuncer M, Jumaan AO, Seoud M (2013) Overview of cervical cancer screening practices in the extended Middle East and North Africa countries. Vaccine 31(Suppl 6):G51–G57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.046. Review

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saudi Health Council (2015) National Health information center, Saudi Cancer Registry. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Cancer incidence report Saudi Arabia 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Saudi Mental and Stress Survey (2019) Accessed 10 October at http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/

  • Shakhatreh F, Mas’ad D (2006) Menopausal symptoms and health problems of women aged 50–65 years in southern Jordan. Climacteric 9:305–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somach DS, AbouZeid G (2009) USAID. Egypt violence against women study. Literature review of violence against women. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadq891.pdf

  • Sonstroem RJ, Harlow LL, Joseph L (1994) Exercise and self esteem: validity of model expansion and exercise associations. J Sport Exerc Psychol 16(1):29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tailakh A, Evangelista LS, Mentes JC, Pike NA, Phillips LR, Morisky DE (2014) Hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control in Arab countries: a systematic review. Nurs Health Sci 16(1):126–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashkandi A, Rasheed FP (2009) Wife abuse: a hidden problem. A study among Saudi women attending PHC centres. East Mediterr Health J 15:1242–1253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston RC, Joffe H (2011) Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the study of women’s health across the nation. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 38:489–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Program (2016) Arab human development report 2016. Accessed from https://www.arabstates.undp.org/content/rbas/en/home.html

  • United Nations Organization (2015) The World’s women 2015: trends and statistics. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, New York. Sales No. E.15.XVII.8. Retrieved from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/WorldsWomen2015_report.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • VanderEnde KE, Yount KM, Dynes MM, Sibley LM (2012) Community- level correlates of intimate partner violence against women globally: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 75:1143–1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winter B, Breitenstein C, Mooren FC, Voelker K, Fobker M, Lechtermann A, Krueger K, …, Knecht S (2007) High impact running improves learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 87(4):597–609

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1996) Research on menopause in the 1990s: report of WHO Scientific Group. WHO technical report series 866. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/41841/1/WHO_TRS_866.pdf. Accessed 12 Oct 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2006) Defining sexual health. Report of a technical consultation on sexual health 28–31 January 2002. Geneva. Accessed from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/sexual_health/defining_sexual_health.pdf

  • World Health Organization (2010) Global recommendations on physical activity for health. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44399/1/9789241599979_eng.pdf/. Accessed 10 Oct 2017

  • World Health Organization (2011) Global Atlas on cardiovascular diseases prevention and control. Policies, strategies and interventions. Published by World Health organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. Accessed at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf

  • World Health Organization (2016) WHO violence against women. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/. Accessed 27 June 2016

  • World Health Organization (2017) Global Health Observatory data (GHO). Accessed at http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/, January 25

  • World Health Organization: Information Agency for Research on Cancer (2018a) Globacon 2018: United Arab Emirates. Accessed from http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/784-united-arab-emirates-fact-sheets.pdf

  • World Health Organization: Information Agency for Research on Cancer (2018b) Globacon 2018: Saudi Arabia. Accessed from https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/682-saudi-arabia-fact-sheets.pdf

  • Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu I, Türkyılmaz SA, Heise L (2012) What puts women at risk of violence from their husbands? Findings from a large, nationally representative survey in Turkey. J Interpers Violence 27:2743–2769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Al Johara M. AlQuaiz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

AlQuaiz, A.J.M., Kazi, A. (2020). An Overview of Women’s Health in the Arab World. In: Laher, I. (eds) Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_2-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_2-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74365-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74365-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics