Abstract
Thailand and Burma are Theravada Buddhist majority countries located at the Southeast Asian mainland. Thailand is a monarchy. Burma is a procedural democracy in which the military is politically powerful. Both have significant Muslim minorities. Prior to the establishment of colonial rule in Burma and the rise of modern nationalism in Thailand, Muslims were incorporated into traditional Theravada Buddhist state systems. In the modern era, both also have histories of ethno-religious insurgencies and the repression of Muslim minorities.
References
Alatas, S. (1997). Hadhramaut and the Hadhrami diaspora: Problems in theoretical history. In U. Freitag (Ed.), Hadhrami traders, scholars and statement in the Indian Ocean 1750s-1960s. Brill: Leiden.
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Aphornsuvan, T. (2004). Origins of Malay Muslim ‘separatism’ in southern Thailand. In M. Montesano & P. Jory (Eds.), Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic interactions on a plural Peninsula. Singapore: NUS Press.
Aphornsuvan, T. (2007). Rebellion in Southern Thailand: Contending histories (Policy studies 35). Washington D.C: East-West Center Washington.
Aree, S., & Joll, C. (2020). The religious geography of Thailand’s Malay southern provinces: Revisiting the impact of south Asian and middle eastern transnational Islamic movements. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 35, 343.
Askew, M. (2007). Conspiracy, politics, and a disorderly border: The struggle to comprehend insurgency in Thailand’s deep south (Policy studies 29). East-West Center Washington: Washington D.C.
Askew, M. (2009). Landscapes of fear, horizons of trust: Villagers dealing with danger in Thailand’s insurgent south. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.
Aung-Thwin, M. (1992). The Burmese ways to socialism. Third World Quarterly, 13, 67–75.
BBC News. (2016). Myanmar wants ethnic cleansing of Rohingya – UN Official. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38091816
Bajunid, O. F. (1980). Shaykh Ahmad: Muslims in the kingdom of Ayutthaya. JEBAT, 10.
Bajunid, O. F. (1984). The historical and international dimension of Malay Muslim nationalism in southern Thailand. In L. J. Jock & S. Vani (Eds.), Armed separatism in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Singapore.
Bajunid, O. F. (1986). The origins and evolution of Malay-Muslim ethnic nationalism in southern Thailand. In T. Abdullah & S. Siddique (Eds.), Islam and Society in Southeast Asia. Institute of southeast Asian studies. Singapore.
Barmè, S. (1993). Luang Wichit Wathakan and the creation of a Thai identity. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social Organization of Culture Difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Bradley, F. R. (2012). Siam’s conquest of Patani and the end of mandala relations, 1786–1838. In P. Jory (Ed.), The ghosts of the past in southern Thailand: Essays on the history and historiography of Patani. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press.
Cady, J. (1958). A history of modern burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Carson, P. (2012). The East India company and religion. London: Boydell Press.
Chan, A. 2005. The creation of a Muslim enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) state of Burma (Myanmar). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, 3, 2.
Charney, M. (1998). Rise of a mainland trading state: Rahkaing under the early Mrauk-U kings, c. 1430–1603. Journal of Burma Studies, 3, 1–33.
Charney, M. (1999). Where Jambudipa and Islamdom converged: Religious change and the emergence of Buddhist communalism in early modern Arakan (fifteenth to nineteenth centuries). PhD Dissertation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Charney, M. (2005). Theories and historiography of the religious basis of Ethnonyms in Rakhaing (Arakan), Myanmar (Burma). London: SOAS: eprints.
Charney, M. (2009). A history of modern Burma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cheesman, N. (2017). How in Myanmar “National Races” came to surpass citizenship and exclude Rohingya. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47, 461–483.
Cohen, E. (1991). Thai society in comparative perspective. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
Collins, M. (1958). The land of the great image - being experiences of friar Manrique in Arakan. New York: New Directions.
Crouch, M. (2014). Myanmar’s Muslim mosaic and the politics of belonging. New Mandala.
Crouch, M. (2019). States of legal denial: How the state in Myanmar uses law to exclude the Rohingya. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 49, 1–24.
D’Hubert, T. (2014). Pirates, poets, and merchants: Bengali language and literature in seventeenth-century Mrauk-U. In: A. Busch & T. Brujin (Eds.), Culture, and circulation. Literature in motion in early modern India. Leiden: Brill.
de la Loubère, S. (1693/1969). The kingdom of Siam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dulyakasem, U. (1981). Education and ethnic nationalism: A study of the Muslim-Malays of southern Siam. Dissertation, Stanford University.
Egreteau, R. (2009). Burma (Myanmar) 1930-2007. In Online Encyclopaedia of mass violence.
Ferguson, J. (2015). Who’s counting? Ethnicity, belonging, and the National Census in Burma/Myanmar. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia), 171, 1–28.
Fink, C. (2019). Myanmar in 2018: The Rohingya crisis continues. Asian Survey, 59, 177–184.
Forbes, A. (1989). Thailand’s Muslim minorities: Assimilation, secession or coexistence? In A. Forbes (Ed.), The Muslims of Thailand: Politics of the Malay-speaking south (Vol. 2). Gaya: Centre for South East Asian Studies.
Forbes, A. (1986). The ‘Cin-ho’ (Yunnanese Chinese) Muslims of North Thailand. Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 7, 173–186.
Funston, J. (2008). Southern Thailand: The dynamics of conflict. Policy studies (p. 50). Washington, D.C: East-West Center Washington.
Galache, Carlos. 2014. Rohingya and National Identities in Burma. New Mandala.
Galen, S. (2018). Arakan and Bengal: The rise and decline of the Mrauk U kingdom (Burma) from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century AD. PhD Thesis. Leiden: Leiden University.
Graves, M. (Ed.). (2007). Exploring ethnic diversity in Burma. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Green, N. (2015). Buddhism, Islam and the religious economy of colonial Burma. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 46, 175–204.
Green, P., MacManus, T., & de la Alicia, C. V. (2015). Countdown to annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar. London: International State Crime Initiative.
Hall, D. (1981). A history of South-East Asia. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Harvey, G. (1967a). History of Burma from the earliest times to 10 march, 1824: The beginning of the English conquest. London: Frank Cass.
Harvey, G. (1967b). 1946. British rule in Burma (1824–1942). London: Faber and Faber.
Haque, M. (2017). Rohingya ethnic Muslim minority and the 1982 citizenship law in Burma. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37, 454–469.
Heikkilä-Horn, M.-L. (2009). Imagining ‘Burma’: A historical overview. Asian Ethnicity, 10, 145–154.
Helbardt, S. (2015). Deciphering southern Thailand’s violence: Organisation and insurgent practices of BRN-coordinate. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Horstmann, A. (2007). The inculturation of a transnational Islamic missionary movement: Tablighi Jamaat al Dawa and Muslim Society in Southern Thailand. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 22, 107–130.
Ibrahim, A. (2018). The Rohingyas. Inside Myanmar’s genocide. London: Hurst & Company.
Ibrahim, M.I. (1972) The ship of Sulaiman. (trans O’Kane, J). Persian Heritage Series No. 11. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Ilahi, M. (1987). The Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: Historical perspectives and consequences. In R. John (Ed.), Refugees: A third world dilemma. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Ishikawa, K. (2014). The foreign presence in Mandalay during the Konbaung period: A review of the urban area. The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies, 32, 113–128.
Jerryson, M. K. (2009). Appropriating a space for violence: State Buddhism in southern Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40, 1–25.
Jerryson, M. K. (2011). Buddhist fury: Religion and violence in southern Thailand. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Joll, C. M. (2011). Muslim merit-making in Thailand’s far-south. In G. Marranci & B. S. Turner (Eds.), Muslims in global societies (Vol. 4). Dordrecht: Springer.
Joll, C. M. (2015). Revisiting ethnic and religious factors in Thailand’s southern discomfort. In O. Salemink (Ed.), The politics of scholarship and trans-border engagement in mainland Southeast Asia: A festschrift in honor of Ajarn Chayan Vaddhanaphuti. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Kyaw, N. (2020). The role of myth in anti-muslim buddhist nationalism in myanmar. In: I. Frydenlund & M. Jerryson (Eds.), Buddhist-muslim relations in a theravada world. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Laffan, M. F. (2006). Southeast Asia, history and culture. In: J. W. Meri (Ed.), Medieval Islamic civilization: An encyclopedia (vol. 1, pp. 765–767). New York: Routledge.
Lee, R. (2014). A politician, not an icon: Aung san Suu Kyi’s silence on Myanmar’s Muslim Rohingya. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 25, 321–333.
Lehr, P. (2019). Burma: “You cannot sleep next to a mad dog”. In Militant Buddhism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leider, J. (2009). Relics, statues, and predictions: Interpreting an apocryphal sermon of Lord Buddha in Arakan. Asian Ethnology, 333–364.
Leider, J. (2018). Rohingya: The name and It’s living archive. Paris: HAL: Archives ou Vertes.
Liow, J. C. (2004). The security situation in southern Thailand: Toward an understanding of domestic and international dimensions. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27, 531–548.
Liow, J. C. (2007). Muslim resistance in southern Thailand and southern Philippines: Religion, ideology, and politics (Policy studies 24). Washington D.C: East-West Center Washington.
Liow, J. C. (2009). Islam, education, and reform in southern Thailand: Tradition and transformation. Singapore: ISEAS.
Madmarn, H. (1989). Pondoks and change in South Thailand. In R. Scupin (Ed.), Aspects of development: Education and political integration for Muslims in Thailand and Malaysia. Selangor: Institute of Malay Language, Literature.
Marcinkowski, C. (2014). Persians and Shi’ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya period to the present (Vol. 15). Singapore: Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper. Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre.
Marddent, A. (2013). Religious piety and Muslim women in Thailand. In S. Schober (Ed.), Gender and Islam in Southeast Asia: Women’s rights movements, religious resurgence and local traditions. Leiden: Brill NV.
Marddent, A. (2016). Gender piety of Muslim women in Thailand. Dissertation, Faculty of Philosophy and History: University in Frankfurt am Main.
McCargo, D. J. (2006). Thaksin and the resurgence of violence in the Thai south: Network monarchy strikes Back. Critical Asian Studies, 38, 39–71.
McCargo, D. J. (2008). Tearing apart the land: Islam and legitimacy in southern Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
McCargo, D. J. (2009a). Thai Buddhists and the southern conflict. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40, 1–10.
McCargo, D. J. (2009b). The politics of Buddhist identity in Thailand’s deep south: The demise of civil religion? Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40, 11–32.
Mendelson, E. M. (1975). State and Sangha in Burma: A study of monastic sectarianism and leadership. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Moerman, M. (1975). Chiangkham’s trade in the old days. In G. W. Skinner & A. T. Kirsch (Eds.), Change and persistence in Thai society: Essays in honor of Lauriston sharp. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Naw, L. (2015). Ulama, state, and politics in Myanmar. Al-Jamiah Journal of Islamic Studies, 53, 131–158.
Phayre, A. (1841). Account of Arakan. Journal of the Asiatic Society, 117, 679–712.
Pitsuwan, S. (1985). Islam and Malay nationalism: A study of Malay Muslims in southern Thailand. Bangkok: Thai Khadai Research Institute.
Pitsuwan, S. (2014). The Lotus and the crescent: Clashes of religious symbolism in southern Thailand. In: K. M. de Silva, P. Duke, E. Goldberg & N. Katz (Eds.), Ethnic conflict in Buddhist societies: Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Burma. Boulder: Westview Press.
Pitsuwan, S. (2001). Muslim worship sites in Thailand. Bangkok: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Rodgers, B. (2012). Burma: A nation at the crossroads. London: Ebury.
Roy, A. (1983). The Islamic syncretistic tradition in Bengal. Delhi: Sterling Publishing.
Sarkisyanz, E. (1965). Buddhist backgrounds of the Burmese revolution. Amsterdam: Springer.
Satha-Anand, C. (1991). Bangkok Muslims and the tourist trade. In M. Ariff (Ed.), The Muslim private sector in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Singapore.
Satha-Anand, C. (Ed.). (2009). Imagined land? The state and southern violence in Thailand. Tokyo: University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Schober, J. (1997). In the presence of the Buddha: Ritual veneration of the Burmese Mahamuni image. In J. Schober (Ed.), Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of south and Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Scott O’Connor, V. (1907). Mandalay and other cities of the past. London: Hutchinson.
Scupin, R. (1978). Thai Muslims in Bangkok: Islam and modernization in a Buddhist society. Santa Barbara: Dissertation, University of California.
Scupin, R. (1980a). Islam in Thailand before the Bangkok period. Journal of the Siam Society.
Scupin, R. (1980b). Islamic reformism in Thailand. Journal of the Siam Society.
Scupin, R. (1980c). The politics of Islamic reformism in Thailand. Asian Survey.
Scupin, R. (1989). Education and developments for Muslims in Thailand. In R. Scupin (Ed.), Aspects of development: Islamic education in Thailand and Malaysia. Selangor: Institute of Malay Language, Literature.
Scupin, R. (1998). Muslim accommodation in Thai society. Journal of Islamic Studies, 9, 229–258.
Scupin, R. (2013). South Thailand: Politics, identity, and culture. Journal of Asian Studies, 72, 423–432.
Scupin, R., & Joll, C. M. (2020). Buddhist-Muslim dynamics in Siam/Thailand. In I. Frydenlund & M. Jerryson (Eds.), Buddhist-Muslim relations in a Theravada world. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Silverstein, J. (1990). Civil war and rebellion in Burma. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 21, 114–134.
Smith, D. (1965). Religion and politics in Burma. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smith, M. (1999). Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnic conflict. London: Zed Books.
Soonthornpasuch, S. (1977). Islamic identity in Chiengmai City: A historical and structural comparison of two communities. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Sperber, D. (1975). Rethinking symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Syukri, I. (1985). History of the Malay kingdom of Pattani. (trans: Bailey, C, Miksic, J). Athens: Center for International Studies, Ohio University.
Tambiah, S. (1976). World conqueror and world renouncer: A study of Buddhism and polity in Thailand against a historical background. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tambiah, S. (1997). Leveling crowds: Ethnonationalist conflicts and collective violence in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Teeuw, A., & Wyatt, D. K. (1970). Hikayat Patani. The story of Patani (vol. 2). The Hague: Bibliotheca Indonesica, Martinus Nijhoff.
Thant, M.-U. (2001). The making of modern Burma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tilman, F. (2013). The relic and the rule of righteousness: Reflections on U Nu's Dhammavijaya. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
UNHCR. (2017). Rohingya Emergency https://www.unhcr.org/rohingya-emergency.html
Vella, W. F. (1957). Siam under Rama III, 1824-1851. Association for Asian Studies Monograph 4. J.J. Augustin. Locust Valley NY.
Vella, W. F. (1978). Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
Wyatt, D. (1974). A Persian Mission to Siam in the reign of king Narai. Journal of the Siam Society.
Yegar, M. (1972). The Muslims of Burma. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz.
Yegar, M. (1982). The crescent in Arakan. In R. Israeli (Ed.), The crescent in the east: Islam in Asia major. London: Cruzon.
Yegar, M. (2002). Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the southern Philippines, southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. New York: Lexington.
Yusuf, I. (1998). Islam and democracy in Thailand: Reforming the Office of Chularajamontri/Shaikh al-Islam. Journal of Islamic Studies.
Yusuf, I. (2007). Faces of Islam in southern Thailand (Policy studies 7). Washington, D.C: East-West Center Washington.
Yusuf, I. (2017). Islam in Myanmar – Research notes. Islam and Muslim Societies: A Social Science Journal, 10, 82–87.
Yusuf, I., & Schmidt, L. P. (Eds.). (2006). Understanding conflict and approaching peace in southern Thailand. Bangkok: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Zarni, Maung. (2020). The official evidence of the Rohingya ethnic identity and citizenship which the Burmese ethno- and Genocidists Don't want you to see.” Rohingya Blogger.
Zarni, M., & Cowley, A. (2014). The Slow-Burning Genocide of Myanmar’s Rohingya. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 23, 681–752.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Woodward, M., Scupin, R. (2021). Muslims in Thailand and Burma. In: Lukens-Bull, R., Woodward, M. (eds) Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_26-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_26-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73653-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73653-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Religion and PhilosophyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities