Skip to main content

Bible Translation as Science

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Changing World Language Map
  • 255 Accesses

Abstract

The science of Bible translation develops out of Bible sciences and combines research from the science of translation, anthropology, linguistics, social sciences, and other disciplines. A growing group of scholars is interested to combine these disciplines for the good of Bible translation efforts. The historical development of Bible translation starting shortly after the establishment of the Church and focusing on big language groups moved toward an own movement in the twentieth century, now addressing smaller ethnicities and language groups. Its interdisciplinarity and professionality made it to a global movement reaching out to ethnicities, as well as small social units. The globally gained linguistic, translational, and social experience is increasingly noticed by computational linguistics, neurolinguistics, and modern communication sciences. Exemplary the history of the Turkish Bible translation is included, which reflects a more recent translation attempt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackroyd, P. R., Lampe, G. W. H., & Greenslade, S. L. (1965). The Cambridge history of the Bible (3 Vols). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CHB).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bascom, R. (2003). The role of culture in translation. In T. Wilt (Ed.), Bible translation: Frames of reference (pp. 81–111). Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beekman, J., & Callow, J. (1974). Translating the word of God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, K., & Nord, C. (1999). Das Neue Testament und frühchristliche Schriften. Frankfurt am Main: Insel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, D. J. (1991). Transforming mission: Paradigm shifts in theology of mission. Maryknoll: Orbis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busse, H. (1988). Das arabisch-islamische Weltreich und seine Nachfolgestaaten. In U. Steinbach & R. Robert (Eds.), Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten: Politik, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft, Geschichte, Kultur (pp. 81–96). Opladen: Leske + Budrich. [English: The Arabic-Islamic Empire and their follow-up Nations. In U. Steinbach & R. Robert (Eds.), The Near and Middle East: Politics, society, economy, history, culture.].

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chesterman, A. (2001). Proposal for a Hieronymic oath. In A. Pym (Ed.), The translator: Studies in intercultural communication (Vol. 7/2, pp. 139–154). Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, S. (2002). Roots of the Church growth movement. Online: http://www.crossroad.to/Quotes/Church/Conway/church-growth/cgm-roots.htm. Accessed 28 Apr 2017.

  • de Waard, J., & Nida, E. A. (1986). From one language to another: Functional equivalence in Bible translation. Nashville: Nelson. (FOLIA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, M., & Hirsch, A. (2004). The shaping of things to come. Innovation and mission for the 21st-century church (4th ed.). Peabody: Hendrickson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadamer, H.-G. (1989). Truth and method (2nd rev. ed.). (trans: Weinsheimer, J. & Marshall, D. G.). New York: Crossroad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentzler, E. (2001). Contemporary translation theories (2nd rev. ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundert, W. (1977). Bibelübersetzungen V: Ãœbersetzungen ins Türkische. In G. Krause & G. Müller (Eds.), Theologische Realenzyklopädie (TRE) (pp. 299–310). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Und Online: http://books.google.com/books?id=iEEsRpX_MaUC&pg=RA1-PA299&lpg=RA1PA299&dq=Turkish+Bibles+Ali+Bey-source=web&ots=7Zyl7hzg_3&sig=I1aCDgG3dDzPYdIEX_uJhPH02wk&hl=de&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result. Accessed 04 May 2017. [English: Bible translations V: Translations into Turkish.].

  • Gutt, E.-A. ([1991] 2000). Translation and relevance: Cognition and context. Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J. S. ([1972] 1988). The name and nature of translation studies. In Translated! Papers on literary translation and translation studies (2nd ed., pp. 67–80) Amsterdam: Rodopi. (Reprinted in Venuti, L. S. (Ed.) (2000). The translation studies reader (pp. 172–185). London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Katan, D. (1999). Translating cultures: An introduction for translators, interpreters and mediators. Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kussmaul, P. (2007). Verstehen und Ãœbersetzen: Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. Tuebingen: Gunter Narr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, M. L. (1984). A guide to cross-language equivalence. New York: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latourette, K. S. (1937). A history of the expansion of Christianity 1 (p. xv). New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre, A. (1998). Chinese and Western thinking on translation. In S. Bassnett & A. Lefevere (Eds.), Constructing cultures: Essays on literary translation (pp. 12–24). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGavran, D. A. ([1955] 1968). The bridges of God: A study in the strategy of missions (2nd printing). New York: Friendship Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuail, D. ([1983] 2007). McQuails mass communication theory (5th ed. reprint). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers-Scotton, C. (2006). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. New York: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nida, E. A. (1964). Toward a science of translating: With special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Leiden: Brill. (TASOT).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nida, E. A. (1965). Dynamics of church growth. In D. A. McGavran (Ed.), Church growth and Christian mission. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nida, E. A. ([1960] 1990). Message and mission: The communication of the Christian faith (Rev. ed.). Preface from Charles Kraft. Pasadena: William Carey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nida, E. A. (Ed.) ([1976] 2004). Good News Bible: The Bible in today’s English version. New York: American Bible Society (formerly called Today’s English Version).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. (1969). The theory and practice of translation. New York: United Bible Societies. (TAPOT).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, C. ([1997] 2001). Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist approaches explained (Reprint). Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, C. (2003). Textanalyse und Ãœbersetzen: Theoretische Grundlagen, Methode und didaktische Anwendung einer übersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse (3rd ed.). Tuebingen: Julius Groos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, C. (2004). Loyalität als ethisches Verhalten im Translationsprozess. In: I. Müller (Ed.), Und sie bewegt sich doch... Tanslationswissenschaft in Ost und in West, Festschrift für Heidemarie Salevsky zum 60 Geburtstag (pp. 234–245). Frankfurt: Peter Lang. [Engl.: Nord, C. (2004). Loyality as ethical behaviour in the translational process. In: I. Müller (Ed.), But it does move ... Translation science in East and into the West, celebration document for Heidemarie Salevsky for the 60th birthday (pp. 234–245). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Noss, P. A. (2007). A history of Bible translation: Introduction and overview. In P. A. Noss (Ed.), A history of Bible translation (pp. 1–25). Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlinsky, H. M., & Bratcher, R. G. (1991). A history of Bible translation and the North American contribution. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostler, N. ([2005] 2006). Empires of the word: A language history of the world. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Privratsky, B. (2010). A history of Turkish Bible translations. Online im Internet: http://www.scribd.com/doc/51331567/A-History-of-Turkish-BIble-Translations-Privratsky-March-2011-v-F. [PDF-Datei] [Stand 10 May 2017].

  • Reiss, K., & Vermeer, H. J. ([1984] 1991). Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (2nd ed.). Tuebingen: Niemeyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, J. ([1930] 2006). Mission und Evangelisation im Orient (Reprint der 2. Aufl). Nürnberg: VTR. [English: Mission and Evangelisation in the orient (Reprint of the 2nd ed.). Nuremberg: VTR.].

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricoeur, P. (1984–1988). Time and narrative (3 vols.) (trans: McLaughlin, K. & Pellauer, D.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, C. T. (1940). The Turkish translations of the Bible. The Moslem world XXX (pp. 236–248). London: Christian Literature Society for India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, H. (2005). Writing systems: A linguistic approach. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanneh, L. ([1989] 1992). Translating the message: The missionary impact on culture (4th ed.). Maryknoll: Orbis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Søgaard, V. (1993). Media in Church and mission: Communicating the Gospel. Pasadena: William Carey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. ([1986] 1995). Relevance, communication and cognition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive translation studies and beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C. V. (2001). Biblical Bible translating: The biblical basis for Bible translating with an introduction to semantics and applications made to Bible translation principles and problems (2nd ed.). Lafayette: Sovereign Grace.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Merwe, C. H. J. (2003). A new translation of the Bible into Afrikaans: A theoretical and practical orientation. Paper presented at UBS TTW, Iguassu Falls (Brazil). (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walls, A. F. (1990). The translation principle in Christian history. In P. C. Stine (Ed.), Bible translation and the spread of the church: The last 200 years, 24–39. Brill: Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walls, A. F. (2005). The cross-cultural process in Christian history (3rd ed.). New York: Orbis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walls, A. F. (2006). The missionary movement in Christian history: Studies in the transmission of faith. New York: Orbis. 11th printing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendland, E. R. (2006). LiFE-style translating: A workbook for Bible translators. Dallas: SIL International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendland, E. (2008). Contextual frames of reference. Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. (2011). Bibelübersetzung in Theorie und Praxis – Eine Darstellung ihrer Interdisziplinarität. Hamburg: Kovac. [English: Werner, E. (2013). The mandate for Bible translation – Models of communication and translation in theory and practice in regard to the science of Bible translation. Dallas: SIL International. Online: http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/51438 [PDF-File]. Accessed 10 May 2017.

  • Wierzbicka, A. (1996). Semantics: Primes and universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilt, T. (2003). Bible translation: Frames of reference. Manchester: St. Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winckler, W. K., & van der Merwe, C. H. J. (1993). Training tomorrow’s Bible translators: Some theoretical pointers. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages, 19(19), 41–58.

    Google Scholar 

Additional Reading

  • Shaw, D. E., & Van Engen, C. E. (2003). Communicating gods word in a complex world: God’s truth or hocus pocus? New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smalley, W. A. (1991). Translation as mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement. In W. R. Shenk (Ed.), The Modern Mission Era: 1792–1992, 1–111. Macon: Mercy.

    Google Scholar 

Bible Translations

  • American Standard Version. ([1901] 1988). The Holy Bible based upon the Hebrew Masoretic text for the OT and upon the Westcott-Hort Greek text for the NT. Oklahoma City: Ellis Enterprises.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. ([1909] 1990). In R. Kittel (Ed.), in assistance of A. Alt, O. Eißfeldt, & P. Kahle (4th rev. and smaller ed.). Suttgart: German Bible Society. (BHS).

    Google Scholar 

  • King James Version. ([1611] 2008). With Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • New King James Version. (1982). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Living Translation. ([1996] 2004). The Holy Bible. Wheaton: Tyndale Charitable Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. (1961). New testament in 1950. Pennsylvania: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revised Standard Version. ([1946] 1973). The Holy Bible. Authorized revision of the American Standard Version. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. (RSV).

    Google Scholar 

  • The English Darby Bible [1884/1890]. (1997). Darby, John Nelson. Ontario: Woodside Fellowship of Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Greek New Testament. (2004). In K. Aland et al. (Eds.), Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. (GNT).

    Google Scholar 

  • The New Revised Standard Version. (1989). New York: National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. (NRSV).

    Google Scholar 

  • Volxbibel. (2007). Online: http://www.volxbibel.de/html/promo.htm. Accessed 28 Apr 2017.

  • Vulgate. (1983). In R. Weber et al. (Eds.), Biblia Sacra Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate Latin Bible). Stuttgart: German Bible Society.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eberhard Werner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Werner, E. (2018). Bible Translation as Science. In: Brunn, S., Kehrein, R. (eds) Handbook of the Changing World Language Map. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_104-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_104-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73400-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73400-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics