Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Interface Between Oral and Systemic Disease

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Contemporary Oral Medicine

Abstract

Oral medicine is a specialty of dentistry concerned with the oral health care of patients with chronic, recurrent and medically related disorders of the orofacial region and with their diagnosis and nonsurgical management. For these reasons, familiarity with medical conditions that correlate with the most common oral diseases is absolutely essential for specialists in oral medicine, as well as for all health care practitioners, to provide their patients with the best possible care.

In internal medicine, medical professionals usually take a whole of person approach to diagnosis and treatment of systemic diseases. Similarly, oral medicine specialists should consider the orofacial region as a mirror to body systems and “think systemically”. After all, oral health is part of general health. Careful examination of the oral cavity may reveal findings indicative of underlying systemic diseases. Further, local diseases may result from treatments and drugs with a profound impact on the patient’s health. This strong relationship between internal medicine and oral medicine mandates a comprehensive understanding of medicine for all oral medicine specialists. This chapter focuses on systemic diseases within an oral medicine context, specifically presenting diseases of cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, hematologic, renal, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders. This chapter is intended to offer a pathway for guidance of in depth medical information critical in contemporary oral medicine practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 899.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abhishek A, Doherty M. Diagnosis and clinical presentation of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin Am. 2013;39:45–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adami S, Marcocci C, Gatti D. Epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism in Europe. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:N18–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aho K, Harmsen P, Hatano S, Marquardsen J, Smirnov VE, Strasser T. Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58:113–30.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis B in Europe and worldwide. J Hepatol. 2003;39:S64–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):S5–S10.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(Suppl 1):S13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Angastiniotis M, Modell B. Global epidemiology of hemoglobin disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;850:251–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest. 2004;126(3 Suppl):204S–33S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antony AC. Vegetarianism and vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:3–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AusDI. ausdi.hcn.com.au. 2018. [online] https://ausdi.hcn.com.au/productInformation.hcn?file=p01084. Accessed 21 May 2018.

  • Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21stcentury. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):327–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2012;380(9843):756–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard BP, editor. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. A critical review of epidemiologic evidence for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, upper extremity, and low back. 2018. www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-141/pdfs/97-141.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2018.

  • Bernier PL, Stefanescu A, Samoukovic G, Tchervenkov CI. The challenge of congenital heart disease worldwide: epidemiologic and demographic facts. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2010;13(1):26–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler E, Waalen J. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? Blood. 2006;107:1747–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan FP, Pirko I, Lucchinetti FC. Pathology of multiple sclerosis: where do we stand? Cont Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2013;19:901–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11:1169–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bui AL, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8(1):30–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buskila D, Cohen H, Neumann L, Ebstein RP. An association between fibromyalgia and the dopamine D4 receptor exon III repeat polymorphism and relationship to novelty seeking personality traits. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:730–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buskila D, Sarzi-Puttini P, Ablin JN. The genetics of fibromyalgia syndrome. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8:67–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campeau L. The Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris revisited 30 years later. Can J Cardiol. 2002;18(4):371–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, Pileri S, Stein H, Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood. 2011;117(19):5019–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carandang R, Seshadri S, Beiser A, et al. Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years. JAMA. 2006;296:2939–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung MC, Maguire J, Carey I, Wendon J, Agarwal K. Review of the neurological manifestations of hepatitis E infection. Ann Hepatol. 2012;11:618–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chio A, Logroscino G, Hardiman O, Swingler R, Mitchell D, Beghi E, Traynor BG. Prognostic factors in ALS: a critical review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009;10:310–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer mortality: clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2015;6(2):45–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chulilla JAM, Colás MSR, Martín MG. Classification of anemia for gastroenterologists. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(37):4627–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cojocariu CE, Trifan AV, Gîrleanu I, Stanciu C. Alcoholic liver disease – epidemiology and risk factors. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2014;118(4):910–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008;372:1502–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conti CR. Re-thinking angina. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30(2 Suppl 1):I1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coope A, Torsoni AS, Velloso LA. Mechanism in endocrinology: metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174(5):R175–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper C, Cole ZA, Holroyd CR, et al. Secular trends in the incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:1277–88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costantinides F, Rizzo R, Pascazio L, Maglione M. Managing patients taking novel oral anticoagulants (NOAs) in dentistry: a discussion paper on clinical implications. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1):5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies MJ. The pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2000;83(3):361–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • deBruin TWA, Bolk JH, Bussemaker JK, Stijnen T, Schreuder GM, deBries RRP, van der Heide D. Graves’ disease: immunological and immunogenetic indications of relapse. Br Med J. 1988;296:1292–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney B, McColl K. Review article: Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(Suppl 1):32–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005;54:710–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dignass A, Eliakim R, Magro F, Maaser C, Chowers Y, Geboes K, Mantzaris G, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, Vermeire S, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:965–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ, Helm JF, Hauser R, Patel GK, Egide MS. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:1547–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domenech E, Kelly J. Swallowing disorders. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83(1):97–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn W, Shah VH. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20(3):445–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Engelborghs S, D’Hooge R, De Deyn PP. Pathophysiology of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg. 2000;100(4):201–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. For the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(3):e6–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) – comparison of epidemiological, physiological and therapeutic characteristics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41:131–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferri C, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and B-cell lymphomas. Eur J Can. 1994;30:1591–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RS, van Emde BW, Blume W, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005;46:470–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox K, et al. Task force on the management of stable angina pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: the task force on the management of stable angina pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(11):1341–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel RJ, Kishino N. Pain, musculoskeletal injuries, and return to work. In: Quick JC, Tetrick LE, editors. Handbook of occupational health psychology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gessl A, Lemmens-Gruber R, Kautzky-Willer A. Thyroid disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012;214:361–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD (2017) Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [internet]. http://goldcopd.org/gold-2017-global-strategy-diagnosis-management-prevention-copd/

  • Griepp RB, Ergin MA. The history of experimental heart transplantation. J Heart Transplant. 1984;3:145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Executive Summary. Circulation. 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gürsoy S, Erdal E, Herken H, Madenci E, Alasehirli B. Association of T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor gene with psychiatric status in fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2001;21:58–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guy M, Neil P, David S, Innes A. The global asthma report. 2014 [Internet]. http://www.globalasthmareport.org/burden/burden.php

  • Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:3075–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadler SC, McFarland L. Hepatitis in day care centers: epidemiology and prevention. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8(4):548–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(3):523–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: etiology, presentation, and management. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2005;52:1553–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halmi KA. The multimodal treatment of eating disorders. World Psychiatry. 2005;4(2):69–73.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Han MK, McLaughlin VV, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ. Pulmonary diseases and the heart. Circulation. 2007;116(25):2992–3005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser SL, Goodwin DS. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, vol. II. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008. pp. 2611–2621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hehn ST, Grogan TM, Miller TP. Utility of fine-needle aspiration as a diagnostic technique in lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3046–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel M, Redfield M, Weston SA, Gerber Y, Roger VL. Death in heart failure. A community perspective. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1:91–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera A. Valvular heart disease. In: Steolting’s anesthesia and co-existing disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higashida RT, Johnston SC, Kidwell CS, Lutsep HL, Miller E, Sacco RL. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Stroke. 2009;40:2276–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hostetter TH. Progression of renal disease and renal hypertrophy. Annu Rev Physiol. 1995;57:263–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, et al. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:348–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1461S–7S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irshad M, Dhar I. Hepatitis C virus core protein: an update on its molecular biology, cellular functions and clinical implications. Med Princ Pract. 2006;15:405–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahan F, Nanji K, Qidwai W, Qasim R. Fibromyalgia syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Oman Med J. 2012;27(3):192–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC-8). JAMA. 2014;311:507–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119(14):1977–2016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jin J. Inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA. 2014;311(19):2034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadiyala R, Peter R, Okosieme OE. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes: clinical implications and screening strategies. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(8):1130–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:965–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia NS, Ijaz S, Izopet J, Dalton HR. Hepatitis E. Lancet. 2012;379:2477–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kao HJ. Diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection through serological and virological markers. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;2:553–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan AG, Balter MS, Bell AD, Kim H, McIvor RA. Diagnosis of asthma in adults. CMAJ. 2009;181(10):E210–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS, National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KIDGO. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Working Group. Definition and classification of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Phillips ML. Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1045–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai CL, Ratziu V, Yuen MF, Poynard T. Viral hepatitis B. Lancet 2003;20;362(9401):2089–2094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe FC, Whincup PH, Wanamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M, Ebrahim S. The natural history of prevalent ischaemic heart disease in middle aged men. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1052–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanau N, Maresque J, Gilner L, Zabalza M. Direct oral anticoagulants and its implications in dentistry. A review of literature. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(11):e1346–54.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Launer LJ. The epidemiologic study of dementia: a life-long quest? Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26:335–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemon SM. Type A viral hepatitis. New developments in an old disease. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(17):1059–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, Levin A, Coresh J, Rossert J, De Zeeuw D, Hostetter TH, Lameire N, Eknoyan G. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2005;67(6):2089–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P, Lichtman AH, Hansson GK. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans. Immunity. 2013;38(6):1092–104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm J, Juul S, Jorgenson JO, et al. Incidence and late prognosis of Cushing’s syndrome: a population based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:117–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lip GY, Mitchell SA, Liu X, Liu LZ, Phatak H, Kachroo S, et al. Relative efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants for non-valvular atrial fibrillation: network meta-analysis comparing apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and edoxaban in three patient subgroups. Int J Cardiol. 2016;204:88–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, Beiser A, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2002;106(24):3068–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Ford E, Furie K, Gillespie C, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho PM, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, MM MD, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino M, Nichol G, Roger VL, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Roger VL, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46–e215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobo MD, Sobotka PA, Pathak A. Interventional procedures and future drug therapy for hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(15):1101–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sorensen PS, Thompson AJ, Wolinsky JS, Balcer LJ, Banwell B, Barkhof F, Bebo B Jr, Calabresi PA, Clanet M, Comi G, Fox RJ, Freedman MS, Goodman AD, Inglese M, Kappos L, Kieseier BC, Lincoln JA, Lubetzki C, Miller AE, Montalban X, O’Connor PW, Petkau J, Pozzilli C, Rudick RA, Sormani MP, Stuve O, Waubant E, Polman CH. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83:278–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO. Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(5):483–500.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maggio M, Basaria S. Welcoming low testosterone as a cardiovascular risk factor. Int J Impot Res. 2009;21(4):261–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):999–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mani A, Lee DA. Images in clinical medicine. Leukemic gingival infiltration. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(3):274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:1132–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masi L. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2008;5(1):11–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McColl KE. When saliva meets acid: chemical warfare at the oesophagogastric junction. Gut. 2005;54:1–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McMurray JJ, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1787–847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta PK, Wei J, Wenger NK. Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015;25(2):140–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Memmos D, Williams G, Eastwood J, et al. The role of parathyroidectomy in the management of hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance haemodialysis and after renal transplantation. Nephron. 1982;30:143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, Brown A, Cooke GS, Pybus OG, Barnes E. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2015;61(1):77–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell SC, Korones SB, Berendes HW. Congenital heart disease in 56,109 births. Incidence and natural history. Circulation. 1971;43:323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:46–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monaco F. Classification of thyroid diseases: suggestions for a revision. JCEM. 2003;88(4):1428–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. For the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29–e322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naganska E, Matyja E. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-looking for pathogenesis and effective therapy. Folia Neuropathol. 2011;49(1):1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. Clinical guideline. 2008. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg64

  • National Kidney Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:S1–S266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuman MG, Nanau RM. Inflammatory bowel disease: role of diet, microbiota, life style. Transl Res. 2012;160(1):29–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ney DM, Weiss JM, Kind AJ, Robbins J. Senescent swallowing: impact, strategies, and interventions. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(3):395–413.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman LK, Ilias I. Evaluation and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Med. 2005;118:134–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285(6):785–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • NIH-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html. 2016a.

  • NIH-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/hodg.html; https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html. 2016b.

  • Nitzan O, Elias M, Peretz A, Saliba W. Role of antibiotics for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(3):1078–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor KC, Bar-Or A, Hafler DA. The neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis: possible roles of T and B lymphocytes in immunopathogenesis. J Clin Immunol. 2001;21:81–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padwal RS. Obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome: the global scourge. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30(5):467–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parasrampuria DA, Truitt KE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban, a non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant that inhibits clotting factor Xa. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;55(6):641–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia. 2001;16(1):7–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinnock H. Respiratory medicine. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54(504):539–47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Putzki N, Pfriem A, Limmroth V, Yaldizli O, Tettenborn B, Diener HC, Katsarava Z. Prevalence of migraine, tension-type headache and trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(2):262–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman I, Biswas SK, Kode A. Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;533:222–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raimondi P, Hylek EM, Aronis KN. Reversal agents for oral antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment during bleeding events: current strategies. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(9):1406–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reller MD, Strickland MJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, Mahle WT, Correa A. Prevalence of congenital heart defects in Atlanta, 1998–2005. J Pediatr. 2008;153:807–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2011 update: a report from the American Psychiatric Association DSM 5 2013. Circulation. 2011;123:e18–e209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose DK, Bar B. Direct oral anticoagulant agents: pharmacologic profile, indications, coagulation monitoring, and reversal agents. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland LP, Shneider NA. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1688–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saltnes SS, Storhaug K, Borge CR, Enmarker I, Willumsen T. Oral health-related quality-of-life and mental health in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acta Odontol Scand. 2014;73(1):14–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Ward BW, Peregoy JA. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Vital Health Stat. 2012;10:1–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma ST, Nieman LK. Cushing’s syndrome: all variants, detection and treatments. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011;40(2):379–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simonneau G, et al. Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:5S–12S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson S Jr, Blizzard L, Otahal P, van der Mei I, Taylor B. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:1132–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, Muerhoff AS, Rice CM, Stapleton JT, Simmonds P. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology. 2014;59:318–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stacy ZA, Call WB, Hartmann AP, Peters GL, Richter SK. Edoxaban: a comprehensive review of the pharmacology and clinical data for the management of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. Cardiology and therapy. 2016;5(1):1–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton JT. Host immune response to hepatitis A virus. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:S9–S14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):476–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KW, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS. What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychol Med. 2010;40(11):1759–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan P. Course and outcome of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In: Eating disorders and obesity, vol. 6. 2002, p. 226–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapper H, Herwald H. Modulation of hemostatic mechanism in bacterial infectious diseases. Blood. 2000;96:2329–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute Renal Failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1448–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas MS, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M. Asthma and oral health: a review. Aust Dent J. 2010;55:128–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson A, Gupta M, Freeman H. Use of the tumor necrosis factor-blockers for Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:4823–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill MH, Dayer M, Lockhart PB, McGurk M, Shanson D, Prendergast B, et al. A change in the NICE guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis. Br Dent J. 2016;221:112–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:620–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolosa E, Wenning G, Poewe W. The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(1):75–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tornkvist M, Smith JG, Labaf A. Current evidence of oral anticoagulant reversal: a systematic review. Thromb Res. 2018;162:22–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tran H, Joseph J, Young L, McRae S, Curnow J, Nandurkar H, McLintock C. New oral anticoagulants: a practical guide on prescription, laboratory testing and peri-procedural/bleeding management. Intern Med J. 2014;44(6):525–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tysnes OB, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2017;124(8):901–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valva P, Ríos DA, De Matteo E, Preciado MV. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: serum biomarkers in predicting liver damage. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(4):1367–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, Brunning RD, Borowitz MJ, Porwit A, Harris NL, Le Beau MM, Hellström-Lindberg E, Tefferi A, Bloomfield CD. The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood. 2009;114(5):937–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veeraswamy S, Vijayam B, Gupta VK, Kapur A. Gestational diabetes: the public health relevance and approach. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(3):350–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Videbech P, Ravnkilde B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(11):1957–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent A, Lahr BD, Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Whipple MO, Oh TH, et al. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, Utilizing the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:786–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Nieschlag E, Swerdloff RS, Behre H, Hellstrom WJ, Gooren LJ, Kaufman JM, Legros JJ, Lunenfeld B, Morales A, Morley JE, Schulman C, Thompson IM, Weidner W, Wu FC, ISA ISSAM. EAU, EAA and ASA recommendations: investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. Aging Male. 2009;12(1):5–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb G, Mulder BJ, Aboulhosn J, et al. The care of adults with congenital heart disease across the globe: current assessment and future perspective: a position statement from the International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ISACHD). Int J Cardiol. 2015;195:326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A. Cor pulmonale. Chron Respir Dis. 2009;6(3):177–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel SE. Asthma: defining of the persistent adult phenotypes. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):804–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;(17):735–1097.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. World Health Organization. Chronic cor pulmonale: a report of the expert committee. Circulation. 1963;27:594–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. World Health Organization. Report of a WHO scientific group. Nutritional anaemias. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1968;405:5–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Epilepsy: epidemiology, aetiology and prognosis. WHO Factsheet 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Geneva: WHO Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Dementia Fact sheet N°362. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 28 Nov 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. World Health Organization. Fact sheet. 164. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015a [internet]. Hepatitis C. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/

  • WHO. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015b. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en/

  • World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en

  • Zalatel K, Gaberscek S. Hashomoto’s thyroiditis: from genes to the disease. Curr Genomics. 2011;12(8):576–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DL, Ghosh MC, Rouault TA. The physiological functions of iron regulatory proteins in iron homeostasis – an update. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH. State specific mortality from sudden cardiac death – United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:123–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou C, Huang Y, Przedborski S. Oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease: a mechanism of pathogenic and therapeutic significance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1147:93–104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oral Medicine Complex Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy

    Michele D. Mignogna & Stefania Leuci

Authors
  1. Michele D. Mignogna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stefania Leuci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michele D. Mignogna .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Camile S. Farah

  2. UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Ramesh Balasubramaniam

  3. Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

    Michael J. McCullough

Section Editor information

  1. Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section, Melbourne, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

    Michael J. McCullough

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Mignogna, M.D., Leuci, S. (2019). Interface Between Oral and Systemic Disease. In: Farah, C., Balasubramaniam, R., McCullough, M. (eds) Contemporary Oral Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72301-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72303-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation