Abstract
Data and literature are collated that emphasize the high tunability of porous silicon properties, either via manipulation of its structural parameters, via the chemistry of the large internal surface area, or via impregnation of other materials. An updated and expanded overview of quantitative data on more than 35 properties is tabulated and compared to those of nonporous silicon. Where available, the range of values reported to date is given. The properties showing the widest tunability to date include the visible light absorption and photoluminescence (optical bandgap), mechanical stiffness, thermal conductivity, optical refractive index, electrical resistivity, biodegradability kinetics, optical reflectivity, combustion propagation velocity, and surface wettability.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abraham A, Piekiel NW, Morris CJ, Dreizin EL (2016) Combustion of energetic porous silicon composites containing different oxidizers. Propell Explos Pyrotech 41:179–188
Agarwal V, del Rio JA (2003) Tailoring the photonic bandgap of a porous silicon dielectric mirror. Appl Phys Lett 82:1512–1514
Aliev GN, Goller B, Snow PA (2011) Elastic properties of porous silicon studied by acoustic transmission spectroscopy. J Appl Phys 110:043534
Behren J v, Fauchet PM (1997) Absorption coefficient of porous silicon. In: Canham LT (ed) Properties of porous silicon. IEE Press, London, pp 229–233
Bittner RW, Bica K, Hoffmann H (2017) Fluorine-free, liquid repellant surfaces made from ionic liquid infused nanostructured silicon. Monash Chem 148:167–177
Bonanno LM, Deloiuse LA (2010) Tunable detection sensitivity of opiates in urine via a label free porous silicon competitive inhibition immunosensor. Anal Chem 82(2):714
Canham LT (1997) Properties of porous silicon, EMIS datareview series, vol 18. IEE Press, London
Cao M, Song X, Zhai J, Wang J, Wang Y (2006) Fabrication of highly antireflective silicon surfaces with superhydrophobicity. J Phys Chem B 110(6):13072–13075
Chan MH, So SK, Cheah KW (1996) Optical absorption of free standing porous silicon films. J Appl Phys 79(6):3273–3275
Choi J, W ang NS, Reipa V (2007) Photoassisted tuning of silicon nanocrystal photoluminescence. Langmuir 23:3388–3394
Choi J, Zhang Q, Reipa V, Wang NS, Stratmeyer ME, Hitchins VM, Goering PL (2008) Comparison of cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles with silicon micron-sized particles in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Appl Toxicol 29:52–60
Di Francia G, Quercia L, Rea I, Maddalena P, Lettieri S (2005) Nanostructure reactivity: confinement energy and charge transfer in porous silicon. Sensors Actuators B111–112:117–124
Fritzsche H (1989) Properties of amorphous silicon, EMIS datareview series, vol 1, 2nd edn. IEE Press, London
Garin M, Trifonov T, Rodriguez A, Alcubilla R, Marquier F, Arnold C, Greffet JJ (2008) Improving selective thermal emission properties of three dimensional macroporous silicon through porosity tuning. Appl Phys Lett 93:081913
Godin B, Gu J, Serda RE, Bhavane R, Tasciotti E, Chiappini C, Liu X, Tanaka T, Decuzzi P, Ferrari M (2010) Tailoring the degradation kinetics of mesoporous silicon structures through PEGylation. J Biomed Mater Res A 94(4):1236–1243
Granitzer P, Rumpf K (2010) Porous silicon – a versatile host material. Materials 3:943–998
Hermansson K, Lindberg U, Hok B, Palmskog G (1991) Wetting properties of silicon surfaces. In: IEEE proceedings of the international conference transducers 24–27 June 1991, San Francisco, pp 193–196
Herynkova K, Slechta M, Simakova P, Fucikova A, Cibulka O (2016) Agglomeration of luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles in colloidal solutions. Nano Res Lett 11:367
Hofmann T, Wallacher D, Toft-Peterson R, Ryall B, Reehuis M, Habicht K (2017) Phonons in mesoporous silicon: the influence of nanostructuring on the dispersion in the Debye regime. Micro Meso Mater 243:263–270
Hou H, Nieto A, Ma F, Freeman WR, Sailor MJ, Cheng L (2014) Tunable sustained intravitreal drug delivery system for daunorubicin using oxidized porous silicon. J Control Release 178:46–54
Hull R (1999) Properties of crystalline silicon, EMIS datareview series, vol 20. IEE Press, London
Ilyas S, Gal M (2006) Gradient refractive index planar microlens in Si using porous silicon. Appl Phys Lett 89:211123
Jiang L, Li S, Wang J, Yang L, Sun Q, Li Z (2014) Surface wettability of oxygen plasma treated porous silicon. J Nanomater 2014(4.): 526149):1–6
Joo J, Defforge T, Loni A, Kim D, Li ZY, Sailor MJ, Gautier G, Canham LT (2016) Enhanced quantum yield of photoluminescent porous silicon prepared by supercritical drying. Appl Phys Lett 108(15):153111. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947084
Kaasalainen M, Makila E, Riikonen J, Kovalainen M, Jarvinen K, Herzig KH, Lehto VP, Salonen J (2012) Effect of isotonic solutions and peptide adsorption on zeta potential of porous silicon nanoparticle drug delivery formulations. Int J Pharm 431:230–236
Korhonen E, Ronkko S, Hillebrand S, Riikonen J, Xu W, Jarvinen K, Lehto VP, Kaupinnen A (2016) Cytotoxicity assessment of porous silicon microparticles for ocular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 100:1–8
Kovalev D, Polisski G, Ben-Chorin M, Diener J, Koch F (1996) The temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of porous silicon. J Appl Phys 80(10):59878–55983
Kumar P, Hofmann T, Huber P, Scheib P, Lemmens P (2008) Tuning the pore wall morphology of mesoporous silicon from branchy to smooth tubular by chemical treatment. J Appl Phys 103:024303
Labbe-Lavigne S, Barret S, Garet F, Duvillaret L, Coutaz JL (1998) Far infrared dielectric constant of porous silicon layers measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. J Appl Phys 83(11):6007–6010
Lammel G, Schwiezer S, Schiesser S, Renaud P (2002) Tunable optical filter of porous silicon as a key component for a MEMS spectrometer. J Microelectromech Syst 11(6):815–828
Liu YH, Wang XK, Luo JB, XC L (2009) Fabrication and tribological properties of super-hydrophobic surfaces based on porous silicon. Appl Surf Sci 255:9430–9438
Loni A, Canham LT, Defforge T, Gautier G (2015) Supercritically dried porous silicon powders with surface areas exceeding 1000m2/g. ECS J Solid State Sci Techn 4(8):289–292
Makila E, Bimbo LM, Kaasalainen M, Herranz B, Airaksinen AJ, Heinonen M, Kukk E, Hirvonen J, Santos HA, Salonen J (2012) Amine modification of thermally carbonized porous silicon with silane coupling chemistry. Langmuir 28(39):14045–14054
Martin-Palma RJ, Pascual L, Herrero P, Martinez-Duart JM (2002) Direct determination of grain sizes, lattice parameters and mismatch of porous silicon. Appl Phys Lett 81(1):25–27
Murzina TV, Scyhev FY, Kolymchek IA, Aktsipetrov OA (2007) Tunable ferroelectric photonic crystals based on porous silicon templates infiltrated by sodium nitrite. Appl Phys Lett 90:161120
Ocier CR, Krueger NA, Zhou W, Braun PV (2017) Tunable visibly transparent optics derived from porous silicon. ACS Photonics 4:909–914
Osminkina LA, Luckyanova EN, Gongalsky MB, Kudryatsev AA, Gaydarova AK, Poltavtseva RA, Kashkarov PK, Timoshenko VY, Sukhikh GT (2011) Effects of nanostructurized silicon on proliferation of stem and cancer cell. Bull Expt Biology Medicine 151(1):79–83
Perez KS, Estevez OJ, Mendez-Blas A, Arriaga J, Palestino G, Mora-Ramos E (2012) Tunable resonance transmission modes in hybrid heterostructures based on porous silicon. Nanoscale Res Lett 7:392
Piekiel NW, Morris CJ, Churaman WA, Cunningham ME, Lunking DM, Currano LJ (2015) Combustion and material characterization of highly tunable on-chip energetic porous silicon. Propell Explos Pyrotech 40:16–26
Plummer A, Kuznetsov V, Joyner T, Shapter J, Voelcker NH (2011) The burning rate of energetic films of nanostructured porous silicon. Small 7(23):3392–3398
Plummer A, Kuznetsov AV, Gascooke J, Shapter J, Voelcker NH (2016) Sensitiveness of porous silicon-based nano-energetic films. Propell Explos Pyrotech 41:1029–1035
Rajikumar K, Rajavel K, Cameron DC, Rajendra Kumar RT (2017) Controlled fabrication and electrowetting properties of silicon nanostructures. J Adhes Sci Techn 31(1):31–40
Ramachandra Rao R, Roopa HN, Kannan TS (1999) The characterisation of aqueous silicon slips. J Eur Ceram Soc 19:2763–2771
Ressine A, Finnskog D, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T (2008) Superhydrophobic properties of nanostructured-microstructured porous silicon for improved surface-based bioanalysis. NanoBiotechnology 4:18–27
Santos HA, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Makila E, Heikkila T, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Lehto VP, Hirvonen J (2010) In vitro cytotoxicity of porous silicon microparticles: effect of the particle concentration, surface chemistry and size. Acta Biomater 6:2721–2731
Shahbazi MA, Fernandez TD, Makila EM, Guevel XL, Mayorga C, Kaasalainen MH, Salonen J, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA (2014) Surface chemistry depenedent immunostimulative potential of porous silicon nanoplatforms. Biomaterials 35:9224–9235
Thiruvengadathan R, Belarde GM, Bezmelnitsyn A, Shub M, Balas-Hummers W, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S (2012) Combustion characteristics of silicon-based nanoenergetic formulations with reduced electrostatic discharge sensitivity. Propell Explos Pyrotech 37:359–372
Timoshenko VY, Osminkina LA, Efimova AI, Golovan LA, Kaskarov PK, Kovalev D, Kunzner N, Gross E, Diener J, Koch F (2003) Anisotropy of optical absorption in birefringent porous silicon. Phys Rev B 67:113405
TV Y, Dittrich T, Sieber I, Rappich J, Kamenev BV, Kaskarov PK (2000) Laser induced melting of porous silicon. Phys Status Solidi 182:325–330
Tzur-Balter A, Gilert A, Massad-Ivanir N, Segal E (2013) Engineering porous silicon nanostructures as tunable carriers for mitoxantrone dihydrochloride. Acta Biomater 9:6208–6217
Weiss SM, Fauchet PM (2003) Electrically tunable porous silicon active mirrors. Phys Status Solidi 197:556–560
Wolkin MV, Jorne J, Fauchet PM, Allan G, Delerue C (1999) Electronic states and photoluminescence in porous silicon quantum dots: the role of oxygen. Phys Rev Lett 82(1):197
Zhang Q, Gu M (2005) Rheological properties and gelcasting of concentrated aqueous silicon suspension. Mater Sci Eng A 339:351–357
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Canham, L. (2018). Tunable Properties of Porous Silicon. In: Canham, L. (eds) Handbook of Porous Silicon. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71379-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71381-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics