Definitions
Ex situ: conditions under which individuals or their progeny are spatially restricted with respect to their natural spatial patterns, are removed from many of their natural ecological processes, and are managed on some level by humans; i.e., individuals are maintained in artificial conditions under different selection pressures than those in natural conditions in natural habitat.
In situ: conditions that are considered to be natural for a species, in which individuals occupy natural habitat and perform natural ecological functions.
Meta-population: spatially distributed group of partially isolated population fragments of the same species that may interact naturally or through human intervention.
Stochastic: randomly determined; having variable outcomes described by a probability distribution but may not be predicted precisely.
Introduction
For some species, effective ex situ management is all that has stood between them and extinction. The Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) in...
References
Ballou JD, Lacy RC (1995) Identifying genetically important individuals for management of genetic diversity in pedigreed populations. In: Ballou JD, Gilpin M, Foose TJ (eds) Population management for survival & recovery, analytical methods and strategies in small population conservation. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 76–111
Ballou JD, Lacy RC, Pollak JP (2010) PMx: software for demographic and genetic analysis and management of pedigreed populations. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield
Barongi R, Fisken F, Parker M, Gusset M (eds) (2015) Committing to conservation: the world zoo and aquarium conservation strategy. WAZA Executive Office, Gland
Byers O, Lees C, Wilcken J, Schwitzer C (2013) The one plan approach: the philosophy and implementation of CBSG’s approach to integrated species conservation planning. WAZA Mag 14:2–5
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, Garcia A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM (2015) Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci Adv 1:e1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253
Christie S, Traylor-Holzer K (2012) WAZA Sumatran Tiger Global Species Management Plan. Zoological Society of London/IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley
Delphey P, Runquist E, Harris T, Nordmeyer C, Smith T, Traylor-Holzer K, Miller PS (eds) (2016) Poweshiek skipperling and Dakota skipper: ex situ feasibility assessment and planning workshop. IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley
Earnhardt JM, Bergstrom YM, Lin A, Faust LJ, Schloss CA, Thompson S (2008) ZooRisk: a risk assessment tool. Version 3.8. Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago
Gilpin ME, Soulé M (1986) Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. In: Soulé ME (ed) Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinaur, Sunderland, pp 19–34
Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A et al (2010) The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330:1503–1509
IUCN/SSC (2013) Guidelines for reintroductions and other conservation translocations. Version 1.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland
IUCN/SSC (2014) Guidelines on the use of ex situ management for species conservation. Version 2.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland
Jackson C, Baker A, Doyle D, Franke M, Jackson V, Lloyd N, McAdie M, Stephens T, Traylor-Holzer K (eds) (2015) Vancouver Island marmot population and habitat viability assessment workshop final report. IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley
Jain A, Lee JGH, Chao N, Lees C, Orenstein R, Strange BC, Chng SCL, Marthy W, Yeap CA, Hadiprakarsa YY, Rao M (eds) (2018) Helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil): status review, range-wide conservation strategy and action plan (2018–2017). IUCN Species Survival Commission Hornbill Specialist Group
Johnson K, Baker A, Buley K, Carrillo L, Gibson R, Gillespie GR, Lacy RC, Zippel K (2018) A process for assessing and prioritizing species conservation needs: going beyond the Red List. Oryx:1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00030605317001715
Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (2018) https://www.kew.org/science/collections/seed-collection
Lacy RC (2013) Achieving true sustainability of zoo populations. Zoo Biol 32:19–26
Lacy RC, Pollak JP (2014) Vortex: A stochastic simulation of the extinction process. Version 10.0. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield
Lee PB, Chung YF, Nash HC, Lim NT-L, Chan SKL, Luz S, Lees C (2018) Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) national conservation strategy and action plan: scaling up pangolin conservation in Singapore. Singapore Pangolin Working Group
Lees C, Wilcken J (2009) Sustaining the Ark: the challenges faced by zoos in maintaining viable populations. Int Zoo Yrbk 43:6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00066.x
Lloyd N, Traylor-Holzer K, Mickelberg J, Stephens T, Schroeder M, Heinrichs J, Prieto Diaz B, Moehrenschlager A (eds) (2014) Greater sage-grouse in Canada population and habitat viability assessment workshop final report. IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley
McGowan PJ, Traylor-Holzer K, Leus K (2017) IUCN guidelines for determining when and how ex situ management should be used in species conservation. Conserv Lett 10:361–366
Shaffer ML (1981) Minimum population sizes for species conservation. Bioscience 31:131–134
Soulé M, Gilpin M, Conway W, Foose T (1986) The millennium ark: how long a voyage, how many staterooms, how many passengers? Zoo Biol 5:101–113
Traylor-Holzer K (2011) Identifying gaps and opportunities for inter-regional ex situ species management. WAZA Maga 12:30–33
Traylor-Holzer K, Leus K (2018) Integrated collection assessment and planning (ICAP) process. IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group, Apple Valley
Traylor-Holzer K, Leus K, Bauman K (eds) (2018a) Global integrated collection assessment and planning workshop for canids and hyaenids: final report. IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group, Apple Valley
Traylor-Holzer K, Leus K, Byers O (2018b) Integrating ex situ management options as part of a One Plan Approach to species conservation. In: Minteer B, Maienschein J, Collins JP (eds) The ark and beyond. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp 129–142
USFWS (2016) www.fws.gov/cno/newsroom/featured/2016/island_fox/
Wren S, Angulo A, Meredith H, Kielgast J, Dos Santos M, Bishop P (eds) (2015) Amphibian conservation action plan. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. www.amphibians.org/acap/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Traylor-Holzer, K., Leus, K., Byers, O. (2019). Ex Situ Management for Conservation. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (eds) Life on Land. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_102-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_102-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71065-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71065-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences