Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fresh Water Needs and Conservation

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Responsible Consumption and Production

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals ((ENUNSDG))

  • 219 Accesses

Definitions

Fresh water refers to water that is derived fresh from its source which could be rain or river or some other source of water and which is available for human consumption.

Introduction

Fresh water is essential to mankind civilization and the natural environment. Mankind use fresh water in all its activities including drinking, cooking, etc. and to generate economic goods and services (Ferng 2007). The unprecedented expansion in many cities has resulted in crises, for example, the cities in South China and South Africa, and a few other countries are today facing the crisis of fresh water. The recently emerging IWRM (integrated fresh water resources management) is based on the idea of involvement of everyone in fresh water conservation and natural environment conservation. The Worldwide Fresh Water Partnership defines IWRM as “A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of fresh water, land and related resources in order to maximize the resultant...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aitkenhead-Peterson JA, Dvorak BD, Volder A, Stanley NC (2011) Chemistry of growth medium and leachate from green roof systems in south-central Texas. Urban Ecosyst 14(1):17–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey RC, Norris RH, Reynoldson TB (2005) Bioassessment of freshwater ecosystems: using the reference condition approach, book review. Freshw Biol 50:180–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Balloch D, Davies CE, Jones FH (1976) Biological assessment of water quality in three British rivers: the North Esk (Scotland), the Ivel (England) and the Taf (Wales). Wat Pollut Control (UK) 75:92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordalo AA, Nilsumranchit W, Chalermwat K (2001) Water quality and uses of the Bangpakong River (Eastern Thailand). Water Res 35(15):3635–3642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns J, Pratt JR (1995) The relationship between ecosystem health and delivery of ecosystem services. In: Evaluating and monitoring the health of large-scale ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 63–76

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cap-Net GWP (2005). Integrated water resources management plans, Training manual and operational guide

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 83:559–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castaneda FC (1989) The risks of environmental degradation in Bogotá, Colombia. Environ Urban 1(1):16–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerqueira MA, Silva JF, Magalhaes FP, Soares FM, Pato JJ (2008) Assessment of water pollution in the Antua River Basin (Northwestern Portugal). Environ Monit Assess 142:325–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CL, Kuan WH, Lui PS, Hu CY (2008) Relationship between landscape characteristics and surface water quality. Environ Monit Assess 147:57–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen B, Laake M, Lien T (1996) Treatment of acid mine water by sulfate-reducing bacteria; results from a bench scale experiment. Water Res 30(7):1617–1624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coskun HG, Alganci U, Usta G (2008) Analysis of land use change and urbanization in the Kucukcekmece Water Basin (Istanbul, Turkey) with Temporal Satellite Data using Remote Sensing and GIS. Sensors 8:7213–7223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costanza R (1992) Toward an operational definition of ecosystem health. In: Costanza R, Norton BG, Haskell BD (eds) Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management. Island Press, Washington, DC/Covelo, pp 239–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanza R (1997) Frontiers in ecological economics: transdisciplinary essays by Robert Costanza. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanza R, D’Arge R, Groot RD, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, Belt MVD (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cude C (2001) Oregon water quality index: a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. J Am Water Resour Assoc 37(1):125–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daily GC (1997) Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC, p 392

    Google Scholar 

  • Danz NP, Niemi GJ, Regal RR, Hollenhorst T, Johnson LB, Hanowski JM et al (2007) Integrated measures of anthropogenic stress in the US Great Lakes basin. Environ Manag 39(5):631–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danz NP, Niemi GJ, Regal RR, Hollenhorst TP, Johnson LB, Hanowski JM, Axler RP, Ciborowski JJH, Hrabik T, Brady VJ, Kelly JR, Brazner JC, Howe RW, Johnston CA, Host GE (2007) Integrated gradients of anthropogenic stress in the U.S. Great Lakes basin. Environ Manag 39:631–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFries R, Eshleman KN (2004) Land-use change and hydrologic processes: a major focus for the future. Hydrol Process 18:2183–2186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir N, Kirkagac MU (2005) Plankton composition and water quality in a pond of spring origin in Turkey. Limnology 6(3):189–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewan AM, Yamaguchi Y, Rahman Z (2012) Dynamics of land use/cover changes and the analysis of landscape fragmentation in Dhaka Metropolitan Bangladesh. GeoJournal 77:315–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dziock F, Henle K, Foeckler F, Follner K, Scholz M (2006) Biological indicator systems in floodplains–a review. Int Rev Hydrobiol 91(4):271–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fathi AA, Abdelzaher HMA, Flower RJ, Ramdani M, Kraïem MM (2001) Phytoplankton communities of North African wetland Lakes: the CASSARINA project. Aquat Ecol 35:303–318

    Google Scholar 

  • FDEP (1996) Implementing ecosystem management in Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee

    Google Scholar 

  • Fent K (2004) Ecotoxicological effects at contaminated sites. Toxicology 205(3):223–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferng JJ (2007) Human freshwater demand for economic activity and ecosystems in Taiwan. Environ Manag 40(6):913–925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finsinger W, Tinner W (2006) Holocene vegetation and land-use changes in response to climatic changes in the forelands of the southwestern Alps, Italy. J Quat Sci 21(3):243–258. Published for the Quaternary Research Association

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finsinger W, Tinner W, van der Knaap WO, Ammann B (2006) The expansion of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) in the southern Alps: a key for understanding its early Holocene history in Europe? Quat Sci Rev 25(5-6):612–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao X, Song J (2005) Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Mar Pollut Bull 50:327–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gligora M, PlenkovićMoraj A, Kialj K, Grigorszky I, Peroš-Pucar D (2007) The relationship between phytoplankton species dominance and environmental variables in a shallow Lake (Lake Vrana, Croatia). In: Shallow Lakes in a changing world. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 337–346

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grumbine RE (1994) What is ecosystem management? Conserv Biol 8(1):27–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ha K, Kim HW, Joo GJ (1998) The phytoplankton succession in the lower part of hypertrophic Nakdong River (Mulgum), South Korea. Hydrobiologia 369(/370):217–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Habib OA, Tippett R, Murphy KJ (1997) Seasonal changes in phytoplankton community structure in relation to physico-chemical factors in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Hydrobiologia 350(1–3):63–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallock D (2002) A water quality index for ecology’s stream monitoring program. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia/Washington, DC, pp 02–03

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannon B (1985) Ecosystem flow analysis. Can Bull Fish Aquat Sci 213:97–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwell MA (1997) Ecosystem management of south Florida: developing a shared vision of ecological and societal sustainability. Bioscience 47:499–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harwell MA, Long JF, Bartuska AM (1996) Ecosystem management to achieve ecological sustainability: the case of South Florida. Environ Manag:497–521

    Google Scholar 

  • IEMTF (1995) Healthy ecosystem sustainable economics. PB95-265583 interagency ecosystem management task force. US Department of Commerce, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen SE (1995) The application of ecological indicators to assess the ecological condition of a lake. Lakes Reserv Res Manag 1:177–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagalou I, Tsimarakis G, Paschos I (2001) Water chemistry and biology in a shallow Lake (lake Pamvotis-Greece): present state and perspectives. Global Nest 3(2):85–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannel PR, Lee S, Lee YS, Kanel SR, Khan SP (2007) Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment. Environ Monit Assess 132(1-3):93–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karr JR (1981) Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6(6):21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr SR, Dickie LM (1984) Measuring the health of aquatic ecosystem. In: Cairns VW, Hodson PV, Nriagu JO (eds) Contaminant effects on fisheries. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Karr JR, Fausch KD, Angermeier PL, Yant PR, Schlosser IJ (1986) Assessing biological integrity in running waters: a method and its rationale. Ill Nat Hist Surv, Special Publication 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudari VA, Kadadevaru GG, Kanamadi RD (2006) Characterisation of selected lentic habitats of Dharwad, Haveri and Uttar Kannada Districts of Karnataka State, India. Environ Monit Assess 120:387–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Singh RD, Sharma KD. Water resources of India. Curr Sci 89:794

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari SB, Kirubavathy AK, Thirumalnesan R (2006) Suitability and water quality criteria of an open drainage municipal sewage water at Coimbatore, used for irrigation. J Environ Biol 27(4):709–712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauber TB, Decker DJ, Knuth BA (2008) Social networks and community-based natural resource management. Environ Manag 42:677–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liou SM, Lo SL, Wang SH (2004) A generalized water quality index for Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess 96(1–3):35–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Liu L, Shen U (2010) Seasonal variations of phytoplankton community structure in relation to physical, chemical factors in Lake Baiyangdiam, China. Procedia Environ Sci 2:1622–1631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotter AF, Birks HJB, Hofmann W, Marchetto A (1997) Modern diatom, cladocera, chironomid, and chrysophyte cyst assemblages as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in the Alps. I. Climate. J Paleolimnol 18(4):395–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathivanan V, Vijayan P, Sabhanayakam S, Jeyachitra O (2007) An assessment of plankton population of Cauvery river with reference to pollution. J Environ Biol 28(2):523

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCaffrey SC, Weber GS (2005) Guidebook for policy and legislative development on conservation and sustainable use of freshwater resources. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehaffey MH, Nash MS, Wade TG, Ebert DW, Jones KB, Rager A (2005) Linking land cover and water quality in New York City’s water supply watersheds. Environ Monit Assess 107(1–3):29–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melina EK, Vlessidis AG, Thanasoulias NC, Evmiridis NP (2005) Assessment of river water quality in northwestern Greece. Water Resour Manag 19:77–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller TL, Wolin MJ, Kusel EA (1986) Isolation and characterization of methanogens from animal feces. Syst Appl Microbiol 8(3):234–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsch WJ, Gosselink JG (2000) The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting. Ecol Econ 35(1):25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mokaya SK, Mathooko JM, Leichtfried M (2004) Influence of anthropogenic activities on water quality of a tropical stream ecosystem. Afr J Ecol 42:281–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mustard JF, Fisher TR (2004) Land use and hydrology, in land change science: observing, Monitoring and understanding trajectories of change on the earth's surface, pp 263–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwanza DD (2003) Water for sustainable development in Africa. Environ Dev Sustain 5:95–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagels JW, Colley D, Smith DG (2001) A water quality index for contact recreation in New Zealand. Water Sci Technol 43(5):285–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott WR (1978) Environmental indices: theory and practice. Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor.Michigan

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang Y (2005) Evaluation of water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis. Water Res 32:96–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Pahl-Wostla C, Tabarab D, Bouwen R, Craps M, Dewulf A, Mostert E, Ridder D, Taillieu T (2008) The importance of social learning and culture for sustainable water management. Ecol Econ 64:484–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S (2006) Water pollution and health, review article. Kathmandu Univ Med J 4:128–134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekey H, Karaka D, Bakolu M (2004) Source apportionment of trace metals in surface waters of a polluted stream using multivariate statistical analyses. Mar Pollut Bull 49:809–818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichyakorn B (2002) Sustainable development and international watercourse agreements: The Mekong and the Rhine. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (Draft 30 June 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Price K, Leigh DS (2006) Comparative water quality of lightly- and moderately- impacted streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA. Environ Monit Assess 120:269–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir A, Malik RN, Husain SZ (2008) Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 140(1-3):43–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahaman MM, Varis O (2005) Integrated water resources management: evolution, prospects and future challenges. Sustain Sci Pract Policy 1(1):15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapport DJ (1992) Evolution of indicators of ecosystem health. In: Ecological indicators. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp 121–134

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport DJ, Costanza R, McMichael AJ (1998) Assessing ecosystem health: challenges at the interface of social. Natural and Health Sciences: TREE 13:397–402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport DJ, Whitford W (1999) Ecosystem behavior under stress: common responses of aquatic and arid systems. Bioscience 49:193–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy MS, Char NVV (2006) Management of lakes in India. Lakes Reserv Res Manag 11(4):227–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remyalakshmi AU (2006) Strategy for restraining conversion of lakes in CMA, Master’s Thesis (Planning), School of Architecture and Planning. Chennai, Anna University

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahin V, Hall MJ (1996) The effects of afforestation and deforestation on water yields. J Hydrol 178:293–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sargaonkar A, Deshpande V (2003) Development of an overall index of pollution for surface water based on a general classification scheme in Indian context. Environ Monit Assess 89:43–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiddamallayya N, Pratima M (2008) Impact of domestic sewage on fresh water body. J Environ Biol 29(3):303–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoonover JE, Lockaby BG, Pan S (2005) Changes in chemical and physical propertiesof stream water across an urban-rural gradient in western Georgia. Urban Ecosyst 8(1):107–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva CA, Train S, Rodrigues LC (2005) Phytoplankton assemblages in a Brazilian Subtropical cascading reservoir system. Hydrobiologia 537:99–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JE, Perdek JM (2004) Assessment and management of watershed microbial contaminants. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 34(2):109–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith VH, Tilman GD, Nekola JC (1999) Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs of freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ Pollut 100:179–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S (2005) Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques – a case study. Anal Chim Acta 538:355–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava N, Harit G, Srivastava R (2009) A study of physico-chemical characteristics of lakes around Jaipur India. J Environ Biol 30(5):889–894

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stambuk-Giljanovic N (1999) Water quality evaluation by index in Dalmatia. Water Res 33(16):3423–3440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirling G, Wilsey B (2001) Empirical relationships between species richness, evenness and proportional diversity. Am Nat 158(3):286–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Telesh IV (2004) Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives. Mar Pollut Bull 49(3):206–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teubner K (2003) Phytoplankton, Pelagic Community and Nutrients in a deep Oligotrophic Alpine Lake: ratios as Sensitive Indicators of the use of P-Resources (DRP:DOP:PP and TN:TP:SRSi). Water Res 37:1583–1592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tu J, Xia ZG, Clarke KC, Frei A (2007) Impact of urban sprawl on water quality in eastern Massachusetts, USA. Environ Manag 40:183–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulanowicz RE (1986) Growth and development, ecosystem phenomenology. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vörösmarty CJ, Sahagian D (2000) Anthropogenic disturbance of the terrestrial water cycle. Bioscience 50(9):753–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing K, Guo H, Sun Y, Haung Y (2005) Assessment of the spatial temporal eutrophic character in the Lake Dianchi. J Geogr Sci 51:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Tao S, Dawson RW, Li P, Cao J (2001) Lake ecosystem health assessment: indicators and methods. Water Res 35:3157–3167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India

    Trilok Kumar Jain

  2. Research Scholar, Manda Institute of Technology, Bikaner and honorary fellow, Knowledge Creators – Rishabh Dev Educational Society Bikaner, Bikaner, India

    Nirupa Jain

Authors
  1. Trilok Kumar Jain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nirupa Jain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trilok Kumar Jain .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Life Science, HAW Hamburg, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Walter Leal Filho

  2. Ctr Neurosci & Cell Biology, 1 Floor, Univ Coimbra, Edf Fac Medicina, Coimbra, Portugal

    Anabela Marisa Azul

  3. Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Passo Fundo University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Passo Fundo, Brazil

    Luciana Brandli

  4. Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Pinar Gökcin Özuyar

  5. International Centre for Thriving, University of Chester, Chester, UK

    Tony Wall

Section Editor information

  1. Sustainability, Akamai University, Hilo, Hawaii, USA, Hilo, Hawai, USA

    Medani P Bhandari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Jain, T.K., Jain, N. (2019). Fresh Water Needs and Conservation. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (eds) Responsible Consumption and Production. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71062-4_87-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71062-4_87-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71062-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71062-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation