Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Financing Projects for Improving Climate Change Resilience: The Cases of Djibouti and Yemen

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Climate Change Resilience

Abstract

It has been argued that the international community could play an essential role in providing the necessary and adequate assistance to countries suffering from the negative consequences of climate change. Indeed, financing climate change projects represents one of the solutions that is currently being used by international organizations. As such, global donors are involved in multiple investments containing funding for climate change mitigation and adaptation projects. On the adaptation side, the focus is on increasing the resiliency of specific communities worldwide through the implementation of projects that are tailored to the needs and circumstances of each community. However, the countries in which these communities are located are either suffering from a state of underdevelopment or are having armed conflicts. One could mention, for instance, the projects that are being implemented in countries like Djibouti and Yemen where the communities are highly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. This chapter aims at analyzing whether climate change projects financed by the international community have contributed to the improvement of climate resilience of specific communities taking Djibouti and Yemen as case studies. This chapter is proposing concrete solutions for further developing climate resilience through projects financed for adaptation purposes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adaptation Fund (2017) Project: “Developing agro-pastoral shade gardens as an adaptation strategy for poor rural communities”. https://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/developing-agro-pastoral-shade-gardens-as-an-adaptation-strategy-for-poor-rural-communities-in djibouti/. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Adenle AA, Manning DT, Arbiol J (2017) Mitigating climate change in Africa: barriers to financing low-carbon development. World Dev 100:123–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andanda P (2012) Striking a balance between intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge, cultural preservation and access to knowledge. JIPR 17:547–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayantunde AA, de Leeuw J, Turner MD et al (2011) Challenges of assessing the sustainability of (agro)-pastoral systems. Livest Sci 139(1–2):30–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers JM, Huq S (2009) Supporting adaptation to climate change: what role for official development assistance? Dev Pol Rev 27(6):675–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam MM (2011) Climate change resilience and technology transfer: the role of intellectual property. Nordic J Int’l L 80(4):485–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahadur A, Tanner T (2014) Transformational resilience thinking: putting people, power and politics at the heart of urban climate resilience. Environ Urban 26(1):200–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barcelona GB (2017) Energy investments: an adaptive approach to profiting from uncertainties. Palgrave Macmillan, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes RA (2013) The capacity of property rights to accommodate social-ecological resilience. Ecol Soc 18(1):6–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelink B, Buitelaar M (2006) The challenges of incorporating Muslim women’s views into development policy: analysis of a Dutch action research project in Yemen. Gend Dev 14(3):351–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayat-Renoux F, Glemarec Y (2016) Addressing the financing gap for adaptation in fragile and conflict-affected countries. In: Leal Filho W (ed) Innovation in climate change adaptation. Springer, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Berbés-Blázquez M, Mitchell CL, Burch SL, Wandel J (2017) Understanding climate change and resilience: assessing strengths and opportunities for adaptation in the global South. Clim Chang 141(2):227–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biagini B, Miller A (2013) Engaging the private sector in adaptation to climate change in developing countries: importance, status, and challenges. Climate Dev 5(3):242–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs R, Schlüter M, Biggs D et al (2012) Toward principles for enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services. Annu Rev Environ Resour 37:421–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer LM, Aerts JCJH (2006) Financing climate change adaptation. Disasters 30(1):49–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown K (2012) Policy discourses of resilience. In: Pelling M, Manuel-Navarrete D, Redclift M (eds) Climate change and the crisis of capitalism: a chance to reclaim, self, society and nature. Routledge, London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard RD, Wright B (2012) The wrong complexion for protection: how the government response to disaster endangers African American communities. New York University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carment D, Landry J, Samy Y et al (2015) Towards a theory of fragile state transitions: evidence from Yemen, Bangladesh and Laos. Third World Q 36(7):1316–1332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke R, Reed J, Sunderland T (2018) Bridging funding gaps for climate and sustainable development: pitfalls, progress and potential of private finance. Land Use Policy 71:335–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) (2012a) Strategic program for climate resilience for Yemen (SPCR) (2012). https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/files/meeting-documents/ppcr_8_strategic_program_for_climate_resilience_yemen_0_0.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) (2012b) Pilot scheme to improve the resilience of rural communities to climate change in Yemen (IRRCCC): concept note. https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/files/PPCR%20Yemen%20-%20IRRCCC%20Concept%20Note.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) (2014) Knowledge note: supporting gender inclusion in Yemen. https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/files/knowledge-documents/kn-ppcr-_supporting_gender_inclusion_in_yemen_0.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Community Resilience Project Team (1999) The community resilience manual: a new resource will link rural revitalization to CED best practice. Making Waves 10(4):10–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui L, Huang Y (2018) Exploring the schemes for green climate fund financing: international lessons. World Dev 101:173–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Lima Demange (2013) The principle of resilience. Pace Envtl L Rev 30(2):695–810

    Google Scholar 

  • Dafermos Y, Nikolaidi M, Galanis G (2018) Climate change, financial stability and monetary policy. Eco Econom 152:219–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies TRH, Davies AJ (2018) Increasing communities’ resilience to disasters: an impact-based approach. IJDRR 31:742–749

    Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi S, Brooks E, Mehmood A (2013) Evolutionary resilience and strategies for climate adaptation. Plan Pract Res 28(3):307–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzoga M, Simatele D, Munga C (2018) Assessment of ecological vulnerability to climate variability on coastal fishing communities: a study of Ungwana Bay and Lower Tana Estuary, Kenya. Ocean Coast Manag 163:437–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebbesson J, Hey E (2013) Introduction: where in law is social-ecological resilience? E&S 18(3):25–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards T, Wiseman J (2011) Climate change, resilience and transformation: challenges and opportunities for local communities. In: Weissbecker I (ed) Climate change and human well-being: global challenges and opportunities. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Espeland EK, Kettenring KM (2018) Strategic plant choices can alleviate climate impacts: a Review. J Environ Manag 222:316–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farah PD (2016) Trade and progress: the case of china. Colum J Asian L 30(1):51–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Farah PD (2017) Forword. In: Pasi H (ed) Sustainability and peaceful coexistence for the Anthropocene. Routledge Publishing, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Farah PD, Rossi P (2011) National energy policies and energy security in the context of climate change and global environmental risks: a theoretical framework for reconciling domestic and international law through a multiscalar and multilevel approach. EEELR 20(6):232–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Farah PD, Tremolada R (2015) Conflict between intellectual property rights and human rights: a case study on intangible cultural heritage. Or L Rev 94(1):125–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisichelli NA, Schuurman GW, Hoffman CH (2016) Is ‘Resilience’ maladaptive? Towards an accurate lexicon for climate change adaptation. J Environ Manag 57(4):753–758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty M, Gevorkyan A, Radpour S et al (2017) Financing climate policies through climate bonds – A three stage model and empirics. RIBAF 42:468–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Glob Environ Chang 16(3):253–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friend R, Moench M (2013) What is the purpose of urban climate resilience? Implications for addressing poverty and vulnerability. Urban Clim 6:98–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Governance and Peace Building Center (GPBC), Center for International Development Issues Nijmegen (CIDIN) (2017) Yemen between the impact of the climate change and the ongoing Saudi-Yemen war: a real tragedy. http://www.ru.nl/caos/@1134488/yemen-between-the-impact-the-climate-change-and/. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Gunderson LH (2000) Ecological resilience – In theory and application. Annu Rev Eco Syst 31:425–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes P (2009) Resilience as an emergent behavior. Hastings W-NW J Envtl L Pol’y 15(1):175–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill AC, Kakenmaster W (2018) An overview of “resilience” and climate change. Bull At Sci 74(2):61–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Himes-Cornell A, Kasperski S (2015) Assessing climate change vulnerability in Alaska’s fishing communities. Fish Res 162:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holechek JL, Cibils AF, Bengaly K (2017) Human population growth, African pastoralism, and rangelands: a perspective. Rangel Ecol Manag 70(3):273–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4(1):1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang JK, Wang YJ (2014) Financing sustainable agriculture under climate change. J Integr Agr 13(4):698–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huq N (2011) Financing adaptation: for whom, by whom, and how. In: Leal Filho W (ed) The economic, social and political elements of climate change. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Joakim EP, Linda Mortsch L, Oulahen G (2015) Using vulnerability and resilience concepts to advance climate change adaptation. Environ Hazards 14(2):137–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaluarachchi Y (2018) Building community resilience in the re-settlement of displaced communities. Procedia Eng 212:443–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur K (2011) Climate change, intellectual property, and the scope of human rights obligations. SDLP 11(2):58–63 95–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaswan A (2013) Seven principles for equitable adaptation. SDLP 13(1):41–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaswan A (2015) Climate adaptation and theories of justice. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2689813. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Kim H, Marcouiller DW, Woosnam KM (2018) Rescaling social dynamics in climate change: the implications of cumulative exposure, climate justice, and community resilience. Geoforum 96:129–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein RJT, Persson A (2008) Financing adaptation to climate change: issues and priorities. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/116788/08.PDF. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Knight-Lenihan S (2016) Benefit cost analysis, resilience and climate change. Clim Pol 16(7): 909–923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kok MTJ, De Coninck HC (2007) Widening the scope of policies to address climate change: directions for mainstreaming. Environ Sci Pol 10(7–8):587–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl L (2018) Potential contributions of market-systems development initiatives for building climate resilience. World Dev 108:131–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linnenluecke MK, Smith T, McKnight B (2016) Environmental finance: a research agenda for interdisciplinary finance research. Econ Model 59:124–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maia AG, Miyamoto BC, Garcia JR (2018) Climate change and agriculture: do environmental preservation and ecosystem services matter? Ecol Econ 152:27–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makondo CC, Thomas DSG (2018) Climate change adaptation: linking indigenous knowledge with Western science for effective adaptation. Environ Sci Pol 88:83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manogaran G, Lopez D (2018) Spatial cumulative sum algorithm with big data analytics for climate change detection. Comput Electr Eng 65:207–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall GR (2013) Transaction costs, collective action and adaptation in managing complex social–ecological systems. Ecol Econ 88:185–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy D, Fünfgeld H, Bosomworth K (2013) Using vulnerability and resilience concepts to advance climate change adaptation. Environ Hazards 14(2):137–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Mees HLP, Driessen PPJ, Runhar HAC (2012) Exploring the scope of public and private responsibilities for climate adaptation. J Environ Policy Plan 14(3):305–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton NJ, Sternberg T (2013) Climate hazards in drylands: a review. Earth Sci Rev 126:48–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morita K, Matsumoto K (2015) Financing adaptation to climate change in developing countries. In: Leal Filho W (ed) Handbook of climate change adaptation. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen J (1988) Institution strengthening in rural development: the case of Djibouti. J Agric Ext Rural Dev 28(3):181–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau CP, Urban MC, Bridle JR (2017) Climates past, present, and yet-to-come shape climate change vulnerabilities. Trends Ecol Evol 32(10):786–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale AJ (2017) Power and politics in climate change adaptation efforts: struggles over authority and recognition in the context of political instability. Geoforum 84:11–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogwezzy MC (2012) Protection of indigenous or traditional knowledge under intellectual property laws: an examination of the efficacy of copyright law, trade secret and sui generis rights. ICLR 12(1):7–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Okayasu T, Okuro T, Jamsran et al (2010) An intrinsic mechanism for the co-existence of different survival strategies within mobile pastoralist communities. Agric Syst 103(4):180–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel S, Watson C, Schalatek L (2016) Climate finance fundamentals 9: climate finance regional briefing: Middle East and North Africa. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11042.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Perkins BM (2017) Yemen: between revolution and regression. Stud Conflict Terrorism 40(4): 300–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pricope NG, Husak G, Lopez-Carr D et al (2013) The climate-population nexus in the East African horn: emerging degradation trends in rangeland and pastoral livelihood zones. Glob Environ Chang 23(6):1525–1541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proag V (2014) The concept of vulnerability and resilience. Procedia Econ Financ 18:369–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapaport C, Hornik-Lurie T, Cohen O et al (2018) The relationship between community type and community resilience. IJDRR 31:470–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Recht J (2009) Hearing indigenous voices, protecting indigenous knowledge. IJCP 16(3):233–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson NA (2014) The resilience principle. IUCNAEL eJ 5:19–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson S, Dornan M (2017) International financing for climate change adaptation in small island developing states. Reg Environ Chang 17(4):1103–1115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Timothy Harrigan T et al (2017) Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Clim Risk Manag 16:145–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salvia R, Quaranta G (2017) Place-based rural development and resilience: a lesson from a small community. Sustainability 9(6):889–904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savo V, Lepofsky D, Lertzman K (2018) Impacts of climate change on subsistence-oriented communities. Encyclopedia Anthropocene 2:461–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skerratt S (2013) Enhancing the analysis of rural community resilience: evidence from community land ownership. J Rural Stud 31:36–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stout M, Love JM (2018) Integrative governance: generating sustainable responses to global crises (Forword). Routledge Publishing, New York/London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank (2013) Addressing climate change in fragile states: an example from Yemen. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/843531468181744307/Addressing-climate-change-in-fragile-states-an-example-from-Yemen. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Tyrrell P, Russel S, Western D (2017) Seasonal movements of wildlife and livestock in a heterogenous pastoral landscape: implications for coexistence and community based conservation. Glob Eco Conserv 12:59–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1992) United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (FCCC/INFORMAL/84 GE.05–62220 (E) 200705). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • United Nations Development Programme (2012a) Agreement: the “Developing agro-pastoral shade gardens as an adaptation strategy for poor rural communities” project in Djibouti between the Adaptation Fund Board and United Nations Development Programme. https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/DJI/Agreement%20with%20UNDP%20for%20Djibouti.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2012b) Djibouti proposal to the Adaptation Fund for project. Developing agro-pastoral shade gardens as an adaptation strategy for poor rural Communities. http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/af-developing-agro-pastoral-shade-gardens-djibouti. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • United Nations Development Programme (2013) Djibouti: developing agro-pastoral shade gardens as an adaptation strategy for poor rural communities. http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/projectbrief_-_djibouti-af_-_march2013.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (2015) Report of the conference of the parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum, Part two: action taken by the conference of the parties at its twenty-first session. Decision 1/CP.21 (FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017

  • Williams M, Zalasiewicz J, Waters C (2017) The anthropocene: a geological perspective. In: Pasi H (ed) Sustainability and peaceful coexistence for the anthropocene. Routledge Publishing, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong-Parodi G, Fischhoff B, Strauss B (2015) Resilience vs. adaptation: framing and action. Clim Risk Manag 10:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Pan X (2016) Study on the demand of climate finance for developing countries based on submitted INDC. Adv Clim Chang Res 7(1–2):99–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Research Executive Agency (REA) Grant Agreement No. 269327. Acronym of the Project: EPSEI (2011–2015) entitled “Evaluating Policies for Sustainable Energy Investments: Towards an Integrated Approach on National and International Stage,” within the results coordinated by gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development – and led by Professor Paolo Davide Farah.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Law, Politics, and Development (Dirpolis), Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy & gLAWcal – Global Law Initiative for Sustainable Development, Essex, UK

    Imad Antoine Ibrahim

Authors
  1. Imad Antoine Ibrahim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Imad Antoine Ibrahim .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. FTZ-NK, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences , Hamburg, Germany

    Walter Leal Filho

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ibrahim, I.A. (2019). Financing Projects for Improving Climate Change Resilience: The Cases of Djibouti and Yemen. In: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_30-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_30-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71025-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71025-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation