Synonyms
Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor
Definition
A primary epithelial tumor of the lung belonging to the spectrum of neuroendocrine differentiated bronchopulmonary neoplasms and characterized by heterogeneous patterns of growth. These include trabecular, alveolar, and ribbon, often referred to as “organoid” growth or, less commonly, solid features. Two subtypes are currently recognized, sharing the above architecture, and distinguished on the basis of two criteria: necrosis and mitotic index. Absence of necrosis and/or <2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF) (or per 2 square mm) defines a typical carcinoid (TC), whereas an atypical carcinoid (AC) contains limited areas of necrosis and/or has 2–10 mitoses per 10 HPF (2 square mm).
Clinical Features
Incidence
Carcinoid tumors are rare and account for less than 2% of all pulmonary neoplasms. The incidence is apparently increasing and reached 1.3 per 100,000 according to recent data. It is not clear whether the observed...
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References and Further Reading
Anbazhagan, R., Tihan, T., Bornman, D. M., Johnston, J. C., Saltz, J. H., Weigering, A., Piantadosi, S., & Gabrielson, E. (1999). Classification of small cell lung cancer and pulmonary carcinoid by gene expression profiles. Cancer Research, 59, 5119–5122. PMID: 10537285 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10537285).
Righi, L., Volante, M., Tavaglione, V., Billè, A., Daniele, L., Angusti, T., Inzani, F., Pelosi, G., Rindi, G., & Papotti, M. (2010). Somatostatin receptor tissue distribution in lung neuroendocrine tumours: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 218 “clinically aggressive” cases. Annals of Oncology, 21, 548–555. PMID: 19759190 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19759190).
Travis, W. D., Rush, V. V., Flieder, D. B., Falk, R., Fleming, M. V., Gal, A. A., & Koss, M. N. (1998). Survival analysis of 200 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors with clarification of criteria for atypical carcinoid and its separation from typical carcinoid. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 22, 934–944. PMID: 9706973 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9706973).
Tsuta, K., Raso, M. G., Kalhor, N., Liu, D. D., Wistuba, I. I., & Moran, C. A. (2010). Histologic features of low- and intermediate-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (typical and atypical carcinoid tumors) of the lung. Lung Cancer, 71(1), 34–41. May 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20462655 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20462655).
Yao, J. C., Hassan, M., Phan, A., Dagohoy, C., Leary, C., Mares, J. E., Abdalla, E. K., Fleming, J. B., Vauthey, J. N., Rashid, A., & Evans, D. B. (2008). One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 3063–3072. PMID: 18565894 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565894).
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Papotti, M.G. (2018). Carcinoid Tumor, Lung. In: Cagle, P.T., Kerr, K.M. (eds) Pulmonary Pathology. Encyclopedia of Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69263-0_253
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69263-0_253
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