Skip to main content

The Development of Civic Participation Among Youth in Singapore

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education

Abstract

The development of active participation in citizens hallmarks the endeavor of formal citizenship programs, equipping citizens with the relevant knowledge, skills, and values to participate in their communities. Such attempts to formulate an ideal citizenry are especially apparent in Singapore, a small city-state whose success owes much to the role that formal citizenship education played and continues to play as an instrument of state formation. This chapter will discuss the development of youth participation in Singapore, specifically within the education context, and more generally among the youth. We will trace how the Singapore government has carefully molded what began as a politically bustling arena of activism among youths during the pre-independence era into a pervasively depoliticized understanding of participation in Singapore’s young citizenry today. We highlight how several key aspects of education in Singapore – namely, National Education, the Community Involvement Program, Character and Citizenship Education, and the Values in Action initiatives – have attended to civic participation in reformulating the notion of an ideal citizen. Finally, we will briefly discuss the shift in civic participation brought about by the New Media Age in more recent times.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alvar-Martin, T., Ho, L. C., Sim, B. Y. J., & Yap, P. S. (2012). The ecologies of civic competence: Students’ perceptions from one Singapore school. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 32(4), 473–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appiah, K. A. (2008). Chapter 6: Education for global citizenship. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 107(1), 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. (1992). An aristocracy of everyone: The politics of education and the future of America. Oxford: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyte, H. C. (1997). Community service and civic education. The Phi Delta Kappan, 72(10), 765–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, B., Dolan, P., Kearns, N., Kennan, D., McGrath, B., Shaw, A., & Brennan, M. (2012). Understanding youth engagement: Debates, discourses and lessons from practice. Ireland: UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buire, C., & Staeheli, L. A. (2017). Contesting the ‘Active’ in active citizenship: Youth activism in Cape Town, South Africa. Space and Polity, 21(2), 173–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C. (1971). Singapore: The politics of survival 1965–1967. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chua, B. H. (2010). Disrupting hegemonic liberalism in East Asia. boundary 2, 37(2), 199–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chua, B. H. (2017). Liberalism disavowed: Communitarianism and state capitalism in Singapore. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkoway, B. (2010). What is youth participation? Children and Youth Services Review, 33(2), 340–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (2010). Defining citizenship education. In L. Gearon (Ed.), Learning to teach citizenship in the secondary school (2nd ed., pp. 22–33). USA: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, K. (2007). From deficit to disenfranchisement: Reframing youth electoral participation. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(5), 539–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, C. (2009). Young people’s civic engagement and political development. In A. Furlong (Ed.), Handbook of youth and young adulthood: New perspectives and agendas (pp. 293–300). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, C., & Levine, P. (2010). Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood. The Future of Children, 20(1), 159–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, C. (2017). Singapore, incomplete: Reflections on a First World nation’s arrested political development. Singapore: Woodsville News.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goh, K. S. (1979). Report on the ministry of education. Singapore: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopinathan, S. (2007). Globalisation, the Singapore developmental state and education policy: A thesis revisited. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 5(1), 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. (1997). Education, globalization and the nation state. London: Macmillan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, C. (1998). Becoming political: Comparative perspectives on citizenship education. Albany: State University of New forms York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, C. (2000). National education and ‘active citizenship’: Implications for citizenship and citizenship education in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 20(1), 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, C. (2007). History education and ‘Asian’ values for an ‘Asian’ democracy: The case of Singapore. Compare, 37(3), 383–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A., Wyn, J., & Younes, S. (2010). Beyond apathetic or activist youth: ‘Ordinary’ young people and contemporary of participation. Young, 18(1), 9–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M., & Lian, K. F. (1995). The politics of nation building and citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, K. L. (2000). Citizen participation and policy making in Singapore: Conditions and predicaments. Asian Survey, 40(3), 436–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, L.-C. (2014). Meritocracy, tracking, and elitism: Differentiated citizenship education in the United States and Singapore. The Social Studies, 105(1), 29–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, L. C., Alvar-Martin, T., Sim, B. Y. J., & Yap, P. S. (2011). Civic disparities: Exploring students’ perceptions of citizenship within Singapore’s academic tracks. Theory & Research in Social Education, 39(2), 203–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J. (2006). Positioning the student political activism of Singapore: Articulation, contestation and omission. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 7(3), 403–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Infocomm Media Development Authority. (2017). Infocomm usage- Households and individuals. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from https://www.ida.gov.sg/Tech-Scene-News/Facts-and-Figures/Infocomm-Usage-Households-and-Individuals.

  • Ishizawa, H. (2015). Civic participation through volunteerism among youth across immigrant generations. Sociological Perspectives, 58(2), 264–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isin, E. F. (2008). Theorizing acts of citizenship. In E. F. Isin & G. M. Nielsan (Eds.), Acts of citizenship (pp. 15–43). London: Zed Books Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Koh, A. (2006). Working against globalisation: The role of the media and national education in Singapore. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(3), 357–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., & Westheimer, J. (1996). In service of what?: The politics of service learning. The Phi Delta Kappan, 77(9), 592–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. Y. (1966). Transcript of speech by the Prime Minister at a meeting with principals of schools at the Victoria Theatre on 29th August 1966. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/lky19660829.pdf.

  • Lee, H. L. (1997). Speech by BG (NS) Lee Hsien Long, Deputy Prime Minister, at the launch of national education at Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) TV theatre on Friday, 17 May 1997 at 9.30am. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/1997051607/lhl19970517s.pdf.

  • Lee, K. Y. (2000). From third world to first: The Singapore story. Singapore: Times Media Pvt Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao, B. E. (2010). Reclaiming the ivory tower: Student activism in the University of Malaya and Singapore, 1949–1975 (Master’s thesis, National University of Singapore, Singapore). Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/19027.

  • Loh, C. K. (2013). Singapore youth: Apathetic no more. Today. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-youth-apathetic-no-more.

  • Ministry of Education. (2012). National Education. Retrieved on 15 May 2012, from http://www.ne.edu.sg/.

  • Ministry of Education. (2014). Character and citizenship education syllabus. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/syllabuses/character-citizenship-education.

  • Ministry of Education. (2018). Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from https://www.moe.gov.sg/about.

  • Mirra, N., Morrell, D., Cain, E., Scroza, D., & Ford, A. (2013). Educating for a critical democracy: Civic participation reimagined in the Council of Youth Research. Democracy and Education, 21(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Heritage Board. (2018). National Pledge. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from https://www.nhb.gov.sg/what-we-do/our-work/community-engagement/education/resources/national-symbols/national-pledge

  • National Library Board. (2014). National Pledge. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_84_2004-12-13.html.

  • National Library Board. (2018). Launch of Community Involvement Programme. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/c78526c6-decf-4b79-b4ca-421739464884.

  • Parker, W. C. (2003). Teaching democracy: Unity and diversity in public life. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pykett, J. (2010). Citizenship education and narratives of pedagogy. Citizenship Studies, 14(6), 621–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodan, G. (2006). Singapore ‘Exceptionalism’?: Authoritarian rule and state transformation. (Working Paper, Asia Research Centre, No. 131). Western Australia: Murdoch University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. (2011). Singapore elections: Nicole Seah and the Social Media. The Asian Correspondent. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from https://asiancorrespondent.com/2011/04/singapore-elections-nicole-seah-and-the-social-media-effect/.

  • Schram, S., Soss, J., Houser, L., & Fording, R. (2010). The third level of US welfare reform: Governmentality under neoliberal paternalism. Citizenship Studies, 14, 739–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sim, B.-Y. J. (2011). Social studies and citizenship for participation in Singapore: How one state seeks to influence its citizens. Oxford Review of Education, 37(6), 743–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sim, B. Y. J. (2012). The burden of responsibility: Elite students’ understandings of civic participation in Singapore. Educational Review, 64(2), 195–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sim, B. Y. J. (2013). National education: Framing the citizenship curriculum for Singapore schools. In Z. Deng, S. Gopinathan, & C. K. E. Lee (Eds.), Globalization and the Singapore curriculum: From policy to classroom (pp. 67–82). London: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sim, B. Y. J., & Print, M. (2005). Citizenship education and social studies in Singapore: A national agenda. International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(1), 58–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sim, B. Y. J., & Print, M. (2009). Citizenship education in Singapore: Controlling or empowering teacher understanding and practice? Oxford Review of Education, 35(6), 705–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, K. P. (2016). Choosing what to remember in neoliberal Singapore: The Singapore story, state censorship, and state-sponsored nostalgia. Asian Studies Review, 40(2), 231–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarulevicz, N. (2010). Singaporean youths must have wings and yet know where their nest is. IJAPS, 6(2), 23–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teik, K. B. (1999). The value(s) of a miracle: Malaysian and Singaporean elite constructions of Asia. Asian Studies Review, 23(2), 181–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teng, A. (2014). Six in 10 young Singaporeans have considered leaving the country to fulfil their dreams. The Straits Times. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/six-in-10-young-singaporeans-have-considered-leaving-the-country-to-fulfill-their-dreams.

  • Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H., & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and education in twenty-eight countries: Civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. Amsterdam: IEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, C. M. (1989). A history of Singapore, 1819–1988. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2012). The social media basis of youth protest behavior: The case of Chile. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 299–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varma, A. (2015). What makes Gen Y tick. The Straits Times. Retrieved on 24 Jan 2018, from http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/what-makes-gen-y-tick.

  • Weiss, M. (2014). New media, new activism: Trends and trajectories in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. International Development Planning Review, 36(1), 91–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weninger, C., & Kho, E. M. (2014). The (bio)politics of engagement: Shifts in Singapore’s policy and public discourse education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35(4), 611–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheimer, J. (2015). What kind of citizen? Educating our children for the common good. New York and London: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen?: The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeow, T. C. (2011). The elusive goal of nation-building: Asian/Confucian values and citizenship education in Singapore during the 1980s. British Journal of Educational Studies, 59(4), 383–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., Bales, S., Christmas-Best, V., Diversi, M., McLaughlin, M., & Sibereisen, R. (2002). Youth civic engagement in the twenty-first century. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(1), 121–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. (2013). Redefining youth activism through digital technology in Singapore. The International Communication Gazette, 75(3), 253–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jasmine B.-Y. Sim .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Sim, J.BY., Chow, LT. (2018). The Development of Civic Participation Among Youth in Singapore. In: Peterson, A., Stahl, G., Soong, H. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67905-1_8-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67905-1_8-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67905-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67905-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics