Historical Background
Trace amines (TAs) are a class of endogenous amines that traditionally include compounds such as β-phenylethylamine (b-PEA), tyramine, tryptamine, octopamine, and synephrine (Fig. 1) (Berry 2004). Trace amines are characterized by their trace levels in the brain, their lack of vesicular storage, and their fast metabolism. These molecules are structurally related to the classic monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) and share similar synthetic and degradation pathways. TAs are synthesized by the action of L-amino acid decarboxylase and are degraded primarily by monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) (Fig. 2). TAs were initially discovered over 100 years ago and are present in several organisms (Grandy 2007). In invertebrates, octopamine and tyramine serve as major neurotransmitters, functionally replacing the role of epinephrine and norepinephrine found in vertebrates. However, in vertebrates, in particular in mammals,...
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Lam, V.M., Gainetdinov, R.R., Salahpour, A., Espinoza, S. (2018). Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1). In: Choi, S. (eds) Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_101881
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