Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reeves’ Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby, 1839)

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Mammals of Europe

Part of the book series: Handbook of the Mammals of Europe ((HDBME))

  • 56 Accesses

Abstract

This comprehensive species-specific chapter covers all aspects of the mammalian biology, including paleontology, physiology, genetics, reproduction and development, ecology, habitat, diet, mortality, and behavior. The economic significance and management of mammals and future challenges for research and conservation are addressed as well. The chapter includes a distribution map, a photograph of the animal, and a list of key literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adriaens T,Branquart E,Gosse D, Reniers J,Vanderhoeven S (2019) Feasibility of eradication and spread limitation for species of Union concern sensu the EU IAS regulation (EU 1143/2014) in Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Amato G, Egan M, Schaller GB (2000) Mitochondrial variation in muntjac, evidence for discovery, rediscovery and phylogenetic relationships. In: Vrba E, Schaller GB (eds) Antelopes, deer and relatives. Yale University Press, New Heaven, pp 285–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Asada N (2009) Distribution and population estimation for Reeves’ muntjac in 2008 in Chiba prefecture, Japan. Rep Chiba Biodiv Centre 1:21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Baiwy E, Schockert V, Branquart E (2013) Risk analysis of Reeves’ muntjac Muntiacus reevesi. Cellule interdépartmental sur les Espèces invasives (CiEi) DG03, SPW editions/Université de Liège, Gemloux

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrette C (1976) Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac. J Anat 122:61–66

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barrette C (1977a) The social behaviour of captive Muntjacs Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby 1839). Z Tierpsychol 43:188–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrette C (1977b) Fighting behaviour of muntjac and the evolution of antlers. Evolution 31:169–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrette C (1977c) Scent-marking in captive muntjacs, Muntiacus reevesi. Anim Behav 25:536–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belloy A (2013) Réseau Ongulés sauvages. Lettre d’information no.17 Janvier 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakeley D, Chapman N, Claydon K, Claydon M, Harris S, Wakelam J (1997) Studying muntjac in the King’s Forest, Suffolk. Deer 10:156–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik GA (1993) Morphological differences in the antler velvet of Cervidae. In: Ohtaishi N, Sheng H-I (eds) Deer in China. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 56–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Casaer J, Boone N, Devisscher S, Vercammen J, Adraiens T (2015) Best practice voor beheer van Chinese muntjak Muntiacus reevesi in Vlaanderen. Institut Natur-en Bosonderzoek, Brussels, p 60

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DI (1977) Haematology of the deer. In: Archer RK, Jeffcott LB (eds) Comparative clinical haematology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 345–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N (1988) Oxalic acid in the urine of wild muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Publ Veter Deer Soc 3(1):18–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG (1996) Muntjac in the wars. Deer 9:562–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG (1997) Upper canine teeth of Muntiacus (Cervidae) with particular reference to M. reevesi. Proceedings of the First International symposium on physiologie and ethology of Wild and Zoo animals. Berlin, Sept. 18–21 1996. Supplementum zum Band 62 der Zeitschrift fur Säugetierkunde, pp 32–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N (2004a) Bone of contention: Marie’s disease. BBC Wildlife December: 44

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG (2004b) Faecal pellets of Reeves’muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi: defecation rate, decomposition period, size and weight. Eur J Wildl Res 50:141–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG (2008) Reeves’ muntjac. In: Harris S, Yalden DW (eds) Mammals of the British Isles: handbook, 4th edn. The Mammal Society Southampton, London, pp 564–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG (2010) Trapped muntjac. Deer 15(5):57

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N (2015/16) The prickly problem of brambles. Deer 17 (8):27

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N (2020) Reproductive potential of muntjac. Deer 19(5):16–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N (2021) History of introduction of Reeves’ muntjac in Great Britain and ecological characteristics facilitating expansion of feral populations. Eur J Wildl Res 67:33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-021-01477-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Bartos L (2014) The asynchronous timing of antler casting of Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Eur J Wildl Res 60:563–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DI, Chapman NG (1982) The antler cycle of adult Reeves’ muntjac. Acta Theriol 27:107–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DI, Dansie O (1969) Unilateral implantation in muntjac deer. J Zool (Lond) 159:534–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Harris S (1991) Evidence that the seasonal antler cycle of adult Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) is not associated with reproductive quiescence. J Reprod Fertil 92:361–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N, Harris S (1996) Muntjac. Mammal Society and British Deer Society, Fordingbridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N, Tutchener J (2017) The diversity of diet of muntjac Muntiacus reevesi in woodlands in the Hitchin area. Trans Hertfordshire Natl Hist Soc 49:55–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N, Twigg GI (1990) Studies on the thymus gland of British Cervidae, particularly muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi, and fallow, Dama dama, deer. J Zool (Lond) 222:653–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DI, Chapman N, Mathews JG, Wurster-Hill DM (1983) Chromosome studies of feral muntjac deer (Muntiacus sp.) in England. J Zool (Lond) 201:557–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DI, Chapman NG, Colles CM (1985a) Tooth eruption in Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and its use as a method of age estimation(Mammalia: Cervidae). J Zool (Lond) 205:205–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Claydon K, Claydon M, Harris S (1985b) Distribution and habitat selection by muntjac and other species of deer in a coniferous forest. Acta Theriologca 30:287–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Claydon K, Claydon M, Harris S (1987) Techniques for the safe and humane handling of free-living muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Br Vet J 143:35–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Claydon K, Claydon M, Forde PG, Harris S (1993) Sympatric populations of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): a comparative analysis of their ranging behaviour, social organisation and activity. J Zool (Lond) 229:623–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N, Harris A, Harris S (1994a) What gardeners say about Muntjac. Deer 9(5):302–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N, Harris S, Stanford A (1994b) Reeves’ muntjac Muntiacus reevesi in Britain: their history, spread, habitat selection, and role of human intervention in accelerating their dispersal. Mammal Rev 24(3):113–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Claydon K, Claydon M, Claydon FP, Harris S, Keeling J (1997a) History and habitat preferences of muntjac in the King’s Forest, Suffolk. Deer 10(5):289–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman NG, Furlong M, Harris S (1997b) Reproductive strategies and the influence of date of birth on growth and sexual development of an aseasonally-breeding ungulate: Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). J Zool (Lond) 241:551–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman N, Brown WAB, Rothery P (2005) Assessing the age of Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) by scoring wear of the mandibular molars. J Zool (Lond) 267:233–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang P-Y, Lin CC, Liao S-J, Hsieh L-J, Li S-Y, Chao M-C, Li Y-C (2004) Genetic analysis of two subspecies of Reeves’ muntjac by karyotyping and satellite DNA analyses. Zool Stud 43(4):749–758

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark M (1981) Mammal watching. Severn House Naturalist’s Library, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Claydon K, Claydon M, Harris S (1986) Estimating the number of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) in a commercial coniferous forest. Bull Br Ecol Soc 17:185–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (1994) Colonisation by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and their impact on vegetation. In: Massey ME, Welch RC (eds) Monks Wood Nature Reserve: the experience of 40 years 1953–93. English Nature, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (1995) Muntjac damage in woodland. Enact 3(3):12–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (1997) Effects of grazing by muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) on bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) and a field technique for assessing feeding activity. J Zool (Lond) 242:365–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (1998) Survival and regrowth performance of coppiced ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in relation to browsing damage by muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Q J For 92:286–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (2001) Information on muntjac from studying ivy (Hedera helix). Deer 11(9):498–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (2004) Muntjac and conservation woodlands. In: Quine CP, Shore RF, Trout RC (eds) Managing woodlands and their mammals. Proc. Joint Mammal society/Forestry Commission symposium. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, pp 65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (2006) Monitoring Muntjac Deer and their impacts in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. English Nature Research Report 681. Peterborough; English Nature

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (2014) Outfoxing the muntjac. Deer 17(2):30–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (2019) Muntjac and water deer: natural history, environmental impact and management. Pelagic Press, Exeter. 374 pages

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS (2021) Colonisation, impacts in conservation woodland and management of Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in an English county. Eur J Wildl Res 67:35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-021-01480-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS, Farrell L (2001) Impact of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at Monks Wood Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, eastern England. Forestry 74:241–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS, Lakhani KH (1996) Damage to coppice regrowth by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and protection with electric fencing. Biol Conserv 75:231–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke AS, Green P, Chapman NG (1996) Mortality in a feral population on muntjac Muntiacus reevesi in England. Acta Theriol 41:277–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper JE, Harris S, Forbes A, Chapman NG, Chapman DI (1986) A comparison of xylazine and methohexitone for the chemical immobilization of Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Br Vet J 142:350–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croitor R (2018) Plio-Pleistocene deer of western palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny. Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau

    Google Scholar 

  • Czyzewska T (1968) Deer from Weze and their relationship with the Pliocene and recent Eurasiatic Cervidae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica X111(4):537–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansie O (1970) Muntjac. British Deer Society, 22 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansie O, Williams J (1973) Paraurethral glands in Reeves’ muntjac deer, Muntiacus reevesi. J Zool (Lond) 171:469–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delahay RJ, De Leeuw ANS, Claridge M, Harris A, Cheeseman CL, Barlow AM, Millar MF, Clifton-Hadley RS (2001) First report of Mycobacterium bovis in a muntjac deer. Vet Rec 149:95–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delahay RJ, Smith GC, Barlow AM, Walker N, Harris A, Clifton-Hadley RS, Cheeseman CL (2005) Bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in South-West England: a survey of prevalence and semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle. Vet J 173:287–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz A, Burton R (1996) The impact of predation by Muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi on sexual reproduction of the woodland herb Arum maculatum. Deer 10(1):14–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick JTA (2017) Research update from the emerald isle. Deer 18(3):12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick JTA, Freeman M, Provan J, Reid N (2009) Muntjac knowledge transfer: ecology of introduced muntjac and appraisal of control procedures. Quercus project QU08–11. N.Ireland Environment Agency

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick JTA, Freeman M, Provan J, Reid N (2010) First record of free-living Reeves’ muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) in Northern Ireland. Irish Nat J 31(2):152

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolman P, Waeber K (2008) Ecosystem and competition impacts of introduced deer. Wildl Res 35:202–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing G (2014) Stalking Muntjac: a complete guide. Quiller, Shrewsbury, p 192

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubost G (1970) L’organisation spatiale et sociale de Muntiacus reevesi en semi-liberté. Extrait de Mammalia 34:331–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubost G (1971) Observations éthologiques sûr le Muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann 1780 et M.reevesi Ogilby 1839) en captivité et semi-liberté. Z Tierpsychol 28:387–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duscher GG, Battisti E, Hodzic A, Waeber K, Steinbach P, Stubbe M, Heddergott M (2020) First detection and molecular identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in an introduced population of Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in United Kingdom. Mol Cell Probes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101582

  • Dutton CJ, Duncan M, Price HI (2002) Hydromyelia in a Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). J Zoo Wildl Med 33:256–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellerman JR, Morrison-Scott TCS (1951) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum. p 336

    Google Scholar 

  • Flower SS (1929) List of the Vertebrated animals exhibited in the gardens of the Zoological Gardens of London 1828–1927. In: Mammals, vol 1. The Zoological Society of London, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowerdew JR, Ellwood SA (2001) Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology. Forestry 74(3):277–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forde P (1989) Comparative ecology of muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a commercial coniferous forest. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Frädrich H (1997) Zur Haltung und Zucht von Muntjaks im Zoo Berlin. Der Zoologische Garten 67:28–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman M, Hogg K (2020) A decade of muntjac research in Northern Ireland. Deer 19(5):18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman MS, Beatty GE, Dick JTA, Reid N, Provan J (2016) The paradox of invasion: Reeves’ muntjac deer invade the British Isles from a limited number of founding females. J Zool 298:54–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller RJ, Noble DG, Smith KW, Vanhinsbergh D (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain. Br Birds 98:116–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs EPJ, Herniman KAJ, Lawman MJP, Sellers RF (1975) Foot-and-mouth disease in British deer: transmission of virus to cattle, sheep and deer. The Veterinary Record: June 28

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray AP (1971) Mammalian hybrids. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough

    Google Scholar 

  • Green P, Chapman N (1993) Joint disease in wild deer. Deer 9(1):30–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves C (2016) Systematics of the Artiodactyla of China in the 21st century. Zool Res 37(3):119–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves CP, Grubb P (1990) Muntiacidae. In: Bubenik GA, Bubenik AB (eds) Horns, pronghorns and antlers. Springer, New York, pp 134–168

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y-He, Xu L-H (1998) Muntiacus reevesi jiangkouensis- a new subspecies from Guizhou, China. Acta Zool Sin 44:271–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding SP (1986) The social behaviour of Reeves’ muntjac in southern England. Appl Anim Behav Sci 29:512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris S, Forde P (1986) The annual diet of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in the King’s Forest, Suffolk. Bull Br Ecol Soc 17:19–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckeberg NS (2020) The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach. Peer J 8:e8114. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj8114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hemani MR (2003) The ecology of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in a forested landscape in eastern England. Ph.D. thesis, University of East Anglia

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemani MR, Dolman PM (2005) The disappearance of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) pellet groups in a pine forest of lowland England. Eur J Wildl Res 51:19–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemani MR, Watkinson AR, Dolman PM (2004) Habitat selection by sympatric muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a lowland commercial pine forest. For Ecol Manag 194:49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemani MR, Watkinson AR, Dolman PM (2005) Population densities and habitat associations of introduced muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus in lowland pine forest. For Ecol Manag 215:224–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemani MR, Watkinson AR, Gill RMA, Dolman PM (2007) Estimating abundance of introduced Chinese muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus using portable thermal imaging equipment. Mammal Rev 37:246–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hershkovitz P (1982) Neotropical deer. Part 1. Fieldiana Zoology, N.S.no.11

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann RR (1985) Digestive physiology of the deer: their morphological specialisation and adaptation. Bull R Soc New Zealand 22:393–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann M (2018) Allgemeinverfügung für den Abschuss des Chinesischen Muntjaks, einer Invasiven Art von unionsweiter Bedeutung Staatsanzeiger für Rheinland Pfalz.no.29: 769–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogg K, Freeman M, Reid N, Dick J. 2013. Detecting invasive muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at low densities post-establishment with camera traps. Pilot summary report. Queens University Belfast, Belfast

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander H (2013) Risico-analyse muntjak (Muntiacus reevesi). Rapport 2013.09. Zoogdiervereniging, Nijmegen, the Netherland

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander H (2015) Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Netherlands. Lutra 58(1):45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander H (2016) Verspreidingsonderzoek muntjak Muntiacus reevesi in Nederland. Rapport no.2016.05 Bureau van de Zoodiervereniging, Nijmegen (with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurel P,Terlin M,Derré F,Barboiron A (2019) Le muntjac de Reeves, un nouveau cervidé exotique envahissant nécessitant une reaction rapide. Faune Sauvage ONCFS N321

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JE, Chapman DI, Dansie O (1977) A note on the food of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). J Zool (Lond) 183:546–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay RNB (1987) Weights of salivary glands in some ruminant animals. J Zool (Lond) 211:431–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeling JGM (1995) Ecological determinants of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi behaviour. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurien U (1997) Untersuchungen zur sozialen Ontogenese des Formosa Muntjaks (Muntiacus reevesi micurus Sclater 1875) in Gehegehaltung. Dissertation, Universität Bielefeld

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson RE, Putman RJ, Fielding AH (2000) Individual signatures in scent gland secretions of Eurasian deer. J Zool (Lond) 251:399–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson RE, Putman RJ, Fielding AH (2001) Chemical communication in Eurasian deer (Cervidae): do individual odours also code for attributes? J Zool (Lond) 253:91–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G-G, Zhang M-X, Swa K, Maung K-W, Quan R-C (2017) Complete mitochondrial genome of the leaf muntjac (Muntiacus putaoensis) and phylogenetics of the genus Muntiacus. Zool Res 38(5):310–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lister A (2020) New results on the systematic of deer. Deer 19(7):38–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews F, Kubasiewicz LM, Gurnell J, Harrower CA, McDonald RA, Shore RF (2018) A review of the population and conservation status of British mammals. Technical summary. Natural England, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough DR, Pei KC-J, Wang Y (2000) Home range, activity patterns, and habitat relations of Reeves’ muntjacs in Taiwan. J Wildl Manag 64(2):430–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKillen J, Hogg K, Lagan P, Ball C, Doherty RN, Collins L, Dick JTA (2017) Detection of a novel gammaherpesvirus (genus Rhadinovirus) in wild muntjac deer in Northern Ireland. Arch Virol 162:1737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger MJ, Bunce RGH, Leemans R, Viner D (2008) Projected environmental shifts under climate change. European trends and regional impacts. Environ Conserv 35(1):64–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton HS (1975) Two pathological conditions in the Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). J Zool (Lond) 176:271–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miura S (1984) Dominance hierarchy and space use pattern in male captive muntjacs, Muntiacus reevesi. J Ethol 2:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore N (2021) Invasive non-native species in Great Britain- policy and delivery, with specific reference to Reeves’ muntjac. Eur J Wildl Res 67:36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-021-01481-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller DWH, Lackey LB, Streich WJ, Hatt J-M, Clauss M (2010) Relevance of management and feeding regimens on life expectancy in captive deer. Am J Vet Res 71:275–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nehring S. Skowronek S (2017) Die invasiven gebietsfremden Arten der Unionsliste der Verordnung (EU) Nr.1143/2014. Bundesamt für Naturschutz

    Google Scholar 

  • Nentwig W, Bacher S, Kumschick S, Pysek P, Vila M (2018) More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe. Biol Invasions 20:161–1621

    Google Scholar 

  • Odend’hal S, Miller KV, Demaris S (1996) Preputial glands in Artiodactyla. J Mammal 77:417–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtaishi N, Gao Y (1990) A review of the distribution of all species of deer (Tragulidae, Moschidae and Cervidae) in China. Mammal Rev 20:125–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pei K (1996) Postnatal growth of the Formosan Reeves’ Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi micurus. Zool Stud 35(2):111–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Pei K, Liu H-W (1994) Reproductive biology of male Formosan Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus). J Zool (Lond) 233:293–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pei K, Taber RD, O’Gara WY (1995) Breeding cycle of the Formosan Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus) in northern Taiwan, Republic of China. Mammalia 59:223–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer C (1993) Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen am Verdauungstrakt des Chinesischen Muntjak (Muntiacus reevesi) einschlieβlich saisonaler Veränderungen an der Vormagenschleimhaut. Dissertation Justus-Liebig- Universität, Gieβen

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard E, Cooke AS (1994) Impact of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi on egg-laying sites of the white admiral butterfly Ladoga camilla in a Cambridgeshire wood. Biol Conserv 70:189–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putman R (1996a) Deer management on National Nature Reserves: problems and practices. English Nature research reports no. 173. English Nature, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman RJ (1996b) Competition and resource partitioning in temperate ungulate assemblies. Chapman and Hall, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Putman RJ, Moore NP (1998) Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Rev 28:141–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rackham O (1975) Hayley wood: its history and ecology. Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Naturalists’ Trust, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehorek SJ, Hillenius WJ, Kennaugh J, Chapman NG (2005) The gland and the sac-the preorbital apparatus of muntjacs. In: Mason RT, Le Master MP, Muller-Schwarz D (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates, vol 10, pp 152–158. Springer Science and Business, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehorek SJ, Hillenius WJ, Sanjur J, Chapman NG (2007) One gland, two lobes: organogenesis of the “Harderian” and “nictitans” glands of the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and fallow deer (Dama dama). Ann Anat 189:434–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richard L (1983) Note sûr un crane de petit cervidé Asiatique tue dans L’Eure. Actes du Museum de Rouen 46–57. ISSN 0180-9784

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidel B (1993) Keeping Chinese deer in captivity- a veterinary review. In: Ohtaishi N, Sheng H-I (eds) Deer in China. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 390–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Setsuda A, Kato E, Sakaguchi S, Tamemasa S (2020) Chabaudstrongylus ninhae and Oesophagostomum muntiacum in feral alien Reeves’s muntjacs on Izu-Oshima Island. Jpn J Helminthol. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X19000245

  • Sheng H (1991) The deer in China. Reeves’ muntjac. 126–148 (in Chinese and English). East China Normal University Press, Shanghai

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheng H, Xu DN (1990) A preliminary study of the Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) of Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces. J East China Normal Univ: Mammalian Ecology Supplement, pages 48 and 53 in English

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi L, Pathak S (1981) Gametogenesis in a male Indian muntjac x Chinese muntjac hybrid. Cytogenet Cell Genet 30:152–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi L, Ye Y, Duan X (1980) Comparative cytogenetic studies on the red muntjac, Chinese muntjac, and their F1 hybrids. Cytogenet Cell Genet 26:22–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smart JCR, Ward A, White PCL (2004) Monitoring woodland deer populations in the U.K: an imprecise science. Mammal Rev 34(1):99–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Jones C (2004) Muntjac: managing an alien species. Coch-Y-Bonddu Books, Machynlleth, p 216

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Jones C (2013) Muntjac worldwide. Deer 16(6):24–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Jones C (2017) The 2016 BDS deer distribution survey. Deer 18(5):15–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Southern HN (1964) The handbook of British mammals. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadler SG, Hendrichs H (1987) Zum Lautrepertoire eines ursprünglichen Cerviden, Muntiacus reevesi micrurus (Sclater, 1875). Sonderdruck aus Z f Säugetierkunde 52:372–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabor RCC (1993) Control of deer in a managed coppice. Q J For 87:308–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabor RCC (1999) The effects of muntjac deer, Muntiacus reevesi, and fallow deer, Dama dama, on the oxslip, Primula elatior. Deer 11:14–19

    Google Scholar 

  • The Deer Initiative. http://www.thedeerinitiative.co.uk

  • Timmins J, Chan B (2016) Muntiacus reevesi. IUCB Red List of Threatened Species. 2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokyo Municipal Office (2017) Control plan of feral alien Reeves’s muntjac on Oshima Island, Tokyo in 2017. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tokyo+Municipal+Office

  • Waeber K, Spencer J, Dolman PM (2013) Achieving landscape-scale deer management for biodiversity conservation: the need to consider sources and sinks. J Wildl Manag 77:726–736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace RS, Bush M, Montali RJ (1987) Deaths from exertional myopathy at the National Zoological Park from 1975 to 1985. J Wildl Dis 23:454–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Lan H (2000) Rapid and parallel chromosomal number reductions in muntjac deer inferred from mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. Mol Biol Evol 17(9):1326–1333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward A (2005) Expanding ranges of wild and feral deer in Great Britain. Mammal Rev 35(2):165–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward AI, Smith GC (2012) Predicting the status of wild deer as hosts of Mycobacterium bovis infection in England. Eur J Wildl Res 58:127–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward AI, Etherington T, Ewald J (2008) Five years of change. Deer 14(8):17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward AI, Richardson S, Mergeay J (2021) Reeves’ muntjac populations continue to grow and spread across Great Britain and are invading continental Europe. Eur J Wildl Res 67:33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-021-01478-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead GK (1993) The Whitehead encyclopedia of deer. Swan Hill Press, Shrewsbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Wray S (1992) The ecology and management of European hares (Lepus europeus) in a commercial coniferous forest. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Wray S (1994) Competition between muntjac and other herbivores in a commercial coniferous Forest. Deer 9(4):237–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurster-Hill DH, Benirschke K (1970) Indian muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak: a deer with low diploid chromosome number. Science 168:1364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahner RH (1978) Some features of mother-young relationships in Reeves muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Appl Anim Ethol 4:379–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahner RH (1979) Temporal patterns in male mating behaviour of captive Reeves muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). J Mammal 60:560–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahner RH (1980a) Barking in a primitive ungulate Muntiacus reevesi: function and adaptiveness. Am Nat 116:157–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahner RH (1980b) Activity patterns of captive Reeves’ muntjacs. J Mammal 61(2):368–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young BA (1976) Some observation on the ultrastructure of the thyroid of certain Cervidae. J Zool (Lond) 180:175–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young BA, Chaplin RE (1975) Some observations on the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis of certain Cervidae. J Zool (Lond) 175:493–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Geist V (1999) Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour and ecology. USA Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtaishi N, Sheng H-I (1993) Deer of China: biology and management. In: Proceedings of a conference in Shanghai 1992. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Wemmer CM (1982) Editor: biology and management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, p 517

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Many of the studies referred to here were instigated by my late husband, Donald (1935-1982). Field work in the King’s Forest continued with the support of many people under the direction of Prof. S. Harris. Others provided dead muntjac or organs or collaborated in various investigations. Correspondents abroad supplied distribution data. I am immensely grateful to all of them. My thanks are also offered to Dr. Arnold Cooke for helpful discussions over many years and to Prof. Rory Putman.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bury St. Edmunds, UK

    Norma G. Chapman

Authors
  1. Norma G. Chapman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Norma G. Chapman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Managment, University of Natural Resources and Life, Wien, Austria

    Klaus Hackländer

  2. Säugetiersammlung, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria

    Frank E. Zachos

Section Editor information

  1. Mammal Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Frank E. Zachos

  2. Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Frank E. Zachos

  3. Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    Frank E. Zachos

  4. Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Luca Corlatti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Chapman, N.G. (2022). Reeves’ Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby, 1839). In: Hackländer, K., Zachos, F.E. (eds) Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_18-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_18-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65038-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65038-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation