Abstract
Despite its relatively small territory and the stability of its borders since the thirteenth century, the Portuguese State has never been able to fully appropriate the “monopoly of the legitimate means of movement” and did not possess the infrastructural power (in Michael Mann’s formulation) – compliant agents and efficient instruments – to control the mobility of the population. As a consequence, many Portuguese emigrated illegally. Among the four million Portuguese who left their country between 1822 and 1974, many of them did it illegally, without any passport, with a fake passport or by lying about their age or employment. The aim of this entry is to analyze both discourse and practices related to human trafficking in Portugal in the modern era, from 1822 and the independence of Brazil up to today. We will first see why the Portuguese elite presented, since the 1830s, emigration to Brazil as a white slave traffic. Then we will analyze the different ambiguities of the clandestine emigration during the dictatorship of the New State (1933–1974). Finally, in epilogue, we will see the mutations of irregular migrations in a country transformed by democratization and Europeanization.
References
Alexandre, V. (2000) Velho Brasil, Novas Áfricas: Portugal e o Império (1808–1975). Porto: Afrontamento.
Alves, J. F. (1993) Os Brasileiros: Emigração e retorno no Portugal oitocentista. Doctoral thesis: University of Porto.
Amorim, M. N. (1993) Emigração em três paróquias do sul do Pico (finais do século XVIII a 1930), abordagem microanalítica. In: Actas do Colóquio Internacional sobre Emigração e imigração em Portugal (século XIX e XX). Lisboa: Fragmentos, pp. 250–259.
Andresen, N. L. (2007) Estado Novo, Democracia e Europa (1947–1986). Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Baganha, M.I. (1991) Uma imagem desfocada: a emigração portuguesa e as fontes sobre a emigração. Análise social, 113–114: 723–739.
Blanpain, R. (2008) European Labour Law. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International.
Brasão, I. (2013) O tempo das criadas. A condição servil em Portugal (1940–1970). Lisboa: Tinta da China.
Brettell, C. (2003) Anthropology and Migration. Essays on Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
Borges, M. (2009) Chains of Gold: Portuguese Migration to Argentina in Transatlantic Perspective, Leiden: Brill.
Cahen, M., Morier-Genoud, E. (eds) (2012) Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Caldeira A. M. (2017), Escravos em Portugal. Das origens ao século XIX, Lisboa, Esfera dos livros.
Castelo C. (2007) Passagens para Africa. O povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com naturais da métropole (1920–1974). Porto: Afrontamento.
Clarence-Smith, W. (1979) Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola, 1840–1926. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cleveland, T. (2015) Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 1917–1975. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Cutileiro, J. (1971) A Portuguese Rural Society. London: Oxford University Press.
Dorigny M., Gainot B. (2006) Atlas des esclavages. Traites, sociétés coloniales, abolitions de l’Antiquité à nos jours. Paris: Autrement.
Dowty, A. (1987) Closed borders. The contemporary assault on freedom of movement. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Eurostat (2013) Trafficking in Human Beings. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Godinho, V.M. (1978) Émigration Portugaise (XV-XXe siècle): une constante structurale et les réponses au changement du monde. Revista de História Económica e Social, 1: 5–32.
Goienetxe, R. A. (2017), Le passage clandestin des Portugais par la frontière du Pays basque. Bordeaux: Editions quatorze.
Grenouilleau, O. (2014) Qu’est-ce que l’esclavage? Une histoire globale. Paris: Gallimard.
Fischer, N., Spire, A. (2009) L’Etat face aux illégalismes. Politix, 87: 7–20.
Foucault, M. (1975) Surveiller et punir. Paris: Gallimard.
Foucault, M. (2004) Sécurité, Territoire, Population. Cours au collège de France (1977–1978). Paris: Gallimard/Seuil
Hirschman, A. (1991) The Rhetoric of Reaction: perversity, futility, jeopardy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jerónimo, M.B. (2015) The ‘Civilizing Mission’ of Portuguese colonialism, 1870–1930. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Laurens, S. (2009) Une politisation feutrée: Les hauts fonctionnaires et l’immigration en France. Paris: Belin.
Mann, M. (1984) The autonomous Power of the State: its origins, mechanisms and results. Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 25: 185–213.
Marques, J. P. (1999) Os sons do silêncio: o Portugal de Oitocentos e a abolição do tráfico de escravos. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Marques, J.P. (2006) The sounds of silence. Nineteenth-century Portugal and the Abolition of the Slave trade. New York: Berghahn.
Marques, M., Dias, N., Mapril, J. (2005) Le « retour des caravelles » au Portugal: de l’exclusion des immigrés à l’inclusion des lusophones ?. In E. Ritaine (ed) L’Europe du Sud face à l’immigration. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 147–183.
Massey, D.S., Durand, J., Malone, N.J. (2003), Smoke and Mirrors. Mexican immigration in an era of economic integration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mendes, A. de A. (2008) Les réseaux de la traite ibérique dans l’Atlantique nord (1440-1640). Annales, 4: 739–768.
Morais, J.G. (2007) Passagens de um passador. História de vida de João Fernandes. Arcos de Valdevez: Município de Arcos de Valdevez.
Monteiro, B., Queirós, J. (eds) (2016) Trabalhos em curso. Etnografia de operários portugueses da construção civil em Espanha. Porto: Deriva/Le Monde Diplomatique.
Newitt, M. (2015) Emigration and the Sea. An Alternative History of Portugal and the Portuguese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Observatório do Tráfico de Seres Humanos/Ministério da Administração Interna (2017) Tráfico de Seres Humanos. Relatório sobre 2016.
Peixoto, J. (2009) New migrations in Portugal. Labour Markets, Smuggling and gender Segmentation. International Migration, 47 (3): 185–210.
Pereira, M. H. (1981) A política portuguesa da emigração 1850–1930. Lisboa: A Regra do Jogo.
Pereira, V. (2008) España como país de tránsito. El caso de la emigración portuguesa hacia Francia (1957–1974). Migraciones y Exilios, 9: 75–114.
Pereira V. (2010) Ni héros ni escrocs: les passeurs portugais (1957–1974). Plein Droit, 84: 12–16.
Pereira, V. (2012) La Dictature de Salazar face à l’émigration. L’État portugais et ses migrants en France (1957–1974). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Pereira, V. (2013) The Papers of State power: the passport and the control of mobility. In: L. Trindade (ed) The Making of Modern Portugal. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp.17–43.
Pereira, V. (2014) Les réseaux de l’émigration clandestine portugaise vers la France entre 1957 et 1974. Journal of Modern European History, 12(1): 107–125.
Ramos, R. (2007) A Tale of One City ? Local Civic Traditions under Liberal and Republican Rule in Portugal (Late 18th century-Early 20th century). Citizenship Studies, 11 (2): 173–186.
Ribeiro, M. da C. (1995) A Polícia Política no Estado Novo, 1926–1945. Lisboa: Estampa.
Rosas, F. (2012) Salazar e o poder. A arte de saber durar. Lisboa: Tinta da China.
Rowland R. (1998) O problema da emigração: dinâmicas e modelos. in: F. Bethencourt, K. Chaudhuri (eds) História da expansão portuguesa. Vol. IV Do Brasil para Africa (1808-1930). Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores, pp. 304-323.
Santos, B. de S. (1993) O Estado, as relações salariais e o bem-estar social na semiperiferia: o caso português. In: B. de S. Santos (ed) Portugal um retrato singular. Porto: Afrontamento.
Silva, M.C. (1998) Resistir e adaptar-se. Constrangimentos e estratégias camponesas no Noroeste de Portugal. Porto: Afrontamento.
Seligman, A. (2001) Complexité du rôle, risque et émergence de la confiance. Réseaux, 108: 37–61.
Stanziani, A. (2014) Bondage. Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn.
Sousa F. de (1999) A emigração Portuguesa para o Brasil e as origens da Agência Abreu (1840). Porto: Fronteira do Caos.
Torpey, J. (2000) The Invention of the Passport. Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zolberg, A. (2007) Exit Revolution. In: N. Green, F. Weil (eds) Citizenship and Those Who Leave. The politics of emigration and expatriation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp.33–60.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Pereira, V. (2019). Portugal and Human Trafficking (1822–2018). In: Winterdyk, J., Jones, J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63192-9_115-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63192-9_115-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63192-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63192-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Law and CriminologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences