Abstract
Bitumen extraction produces large amounts of oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) which are stored in vast tailings ponds. OSPW is acutely toxic to many organisms, and this toxicity is largely attributed to the presence of naphthenic acids (NAs). NAs are complex mixtures of organic compounds, including acyclic and cyclic, saturated and aromatic carboxylic acids, which traditionally fit the general formula CnH2n+zO2. Di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic diamondoid acids as well as structures that contain more than two oxygen atoms (Oxy-NAs) and/or nitrogen and sulfur have also been identified. NAs may originate from either anthropogenic (e.g., tailings ponds) or natural (e.g., Athabasca River sediments) sources. Although many studies have focused on the biodegradation of either model or commercial NAs, many of those NAs found in the environment are recalcitrant to biodegradation. Currently, little is known about the ecology of NA-degrading microorganisms and the range of NAs that they metabolize. Typically, mixed microbial communities from environments that have a history of NA contamination, such as those found in oil sands and OSPW, can degrade NAs, including recalcitrant NAs, more quickly than pure cultures. Indeed, microorganisms capable of effective NA degradation include members of the Proteobacteria, particularly Pseudomonas spp. However, NA structure and composition, as well as environmental factors such as the presence of specific electron acceptors, trace metals, and competition for substrates from non-NA-degrading microbes, are important drivers in shaping NA-degrading microbial communities. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of NA degradation for future remediation strategies, it is important to better understand the ecology of NA degradation.
Keywords
- Naphthenic Acids (NAs)
- Oil Sands Process-affected Water (OSPW)
- Tailings Pond
- Athabasca River
- General Formula CnH2n
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Abbreviations
- AEO:
-
Acid-extractable organics
- AS:
-
Activated sludge
- BTEX:
-
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
- CHAA:
-
Cyclohexane acetic acid
- CHBA:
-
Cyclohexane butyric acid
- CHCA:
-
Cyclohexane carboxylic acid
- CHPA:
-
Cyclohexane propionic acid
- CHPeA:
-
Cyclohexane pentanoic acid
- DA:
-
Decanoic acid
- DHNA:
-
Decahydro-2-naphthoic acid
- GAC:
-
Granular activated carbon
- H2:
-
Hydrogen
- HA:
-
Hexanoic acid
- LC:
-
Lethal concentration
- MCHCA:
-
Methyl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid
- MFT:
-
Mature fine tailings
- NA:
-
Naphthenic acids
- OSPW:
-
Oil sands process-affected waters (or oil sands process waters)
- Oxy-NAs:
-
Oxy-naphthenic acids
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- SBR:
-
Sequencing batch reactor
- SRB:
-
Sulfate-reducing bacteria
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Lisa Gieg, University of Calgary, for her useful comments on the manuscript.
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Skeels, K., Whitby, C. (2019). Microbial Ecology of Naphthenic Acid (NA) Degradation. In: McGenity, T. (eds) Microbial Communities Utilizing Hydrocarbons and Lipids: Members, Metagenomics and Ecophysiology . Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60063-5_5-1
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