Abstract
Even though the gender wage gap has narrowed in recent decades, it is still persistent in many countries. A lot of research has been carried out to understand the reasons behind the differences in wages between females and males. While traditional models and data sources were often not able to explain those differences in total, the access to new, more detailed data on human capital variables might give new insights on the topic. This chapter gives an overview about the most recent and most important literature on the gender wage gap. Additionally, the chapter gives insights into the latest research that uses specific information for skills and tasks. Recent studies have shown that those human capital variables differ across gender and significantly influence wages. Therefore detailed information on skills and tasks could shed light on the explanation of the wage gap and open many possibilities for future research.
References
Acemoglu D, Autor D (2011) Skills, tasks and technologies: implications for employment and earnings. Handbook Lab Econ 4:1043–1171
Angelov N, Johansson P, Lindahl E (2016) Parenthood and the gender gap in pay. J Labor Econ 34(3):545–579
Arellano M, Bonhomme S (2017a) Quantile selection models with an application to understanding changes in wage inequality. Econometrica 85(1):1–28
Arellano M, Bonhomme S (2017b) Sample selection in quantile regression: a survey. In: Handbook of quantile regression. Chapman and Hall/CRC, pp 209–224. Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Autor DH, Handel MJ (2013) Putting tasks to the test: human capital, job tasks, and wages. J Labor Econ 31(S1):S59–S96
Autor DH, Levy F, Murnane RJ (2003) The skill content of recent technological change: an empirical exploration. Q J Econ 118(4):1279–1333
Babcock L, Laschever S (2009) Women don’t ask: negotiation and the gender divide. Princeton University Press
Babcock L, Laschever S, Gelfand M, Small D (2003) Nice girls don’t ask. Harv Bus Rev 81(10):14–16
Bacolod MP, Blum BS (2010) Two sides of the same coin US “residual” inequality and the gender gap. J Hum Resour 45(1):197–242
Bertrand M, Goldin C, Katz LF (2010) Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors. Am Econ J Appl Econ 2(3):228–255
Black SE, Spitz-Oener A (2010) Explaining women’s success: technological change and the skill content of women’s work. Rev Econ Stat 92(1):187–194
Blau FD, Kahn LM (2000) Gender differences in pay. J Econ Perspect 14(4):75–99
Blau FD, Kahn LM (2017) The gender wage gap: extent, trends, and explanations. J Econ Lit 55(3):789–865
Blau FD, Brummund P, Liu AYH (2013) Trends in occupational segregation by gender 1970–2009: adjusting for the impact of changes in the occupational coding system. Demography 50(2):471–492
Blinder AS (1973) Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. J Hum Resour 8(4):436–455
Böheim R, Himpele K, Mahringer H, Zulehner C (2013) The gender wage gap in Austria: eppur si muove! Empirica 40(4):585–606
Boll C, Leppin J, Rossen A, Wolf A (2016) Magnitude and impact factors of the gender pay gap in EU countries. Report prepared for and financed by the European Commission–Directorate-General for Justice, European Union (Hrsg), Hamburg
Borghans L, Ter Weel B, Weinberg BA (2006) People people: social capital and the labor-market outcomes of underrepresented groups (no. w11985). National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge
Buchinsky M (1998) Recent advances in quantile regression models: a practical guideline for empirical research. J Hum Resour 88–126
Buchinsky M (2002) Quantile regression with sample selection: Estimating women’s return to education in the US. In Economic Applications of Quantile Regression, pp. 87–113. Springer
Budig MJ, Misra J, Boeckmann I (2016) Work–family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. Work Occup 43(2):119–177
Bütikofer A, Jensen S, Salvanes KG (2018) The role of parenthood on the gender gap among top earners. Eur Econ Rev 109:103–123
Chernozhukov V, Fernández-Val I, Melly B (2013) Inference on counterfactual distributions. Econometrica 81(6):2205–2268
Christl M, Köppl-Turyna M (2019) Gender wage gap and the role of skills and tasks: evidence from the Austrian PIAAC data set. Appl Econ 52(2):113–134
Deming DJ (2017) The growing importance of social skills in the labor market. Q J Econ 132(4):1593–1640
Deschacht N, De Pauw AS, Baert S (2017) Do gender differences in career aspirations contribute to sticky floors? Int J Manpow 38(4):580–593
Firpo S, Fortin N, Lemieux T (2011) Occupational tasks and changes in the wage structure, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 5542, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn
Fortin NM (2008) The gender wage gap among young adults in the United States the importance of money versus people. J Hum Resour 43(4):884–918
Gardeazabal J, Ugidos A (2005) Gender wage discrimination at quantiles. J Popul Econ 18(1):165–179
Ge S, Zhou Y (2017) Skill requirements, returns to skills and gender wage gap. Working paper, Virginia Tech
Gneezy U, Niederle M, Rustichini A (2003) Performance in competitive environments: gender differences. Q J Econ 118(3):1049–1074
Goldin C (2014) A grand gender convergence: its last chapter. Am Econ Rev 104:1–30
Hanushek EA, Schwerdt G, Wiederhold S, Woessmann L (2015) Re- turns to skills around the world: evidence from PIAAC. Eur Econ Rev 73:103–130
Hanushek EA, Schwerdt G, Wiederhold S, Woessmann L (2017) Coping with change: international differences in the returns to skills. Econ Lett 153:15–19
Heckman JJ, Stixrud J, Urzua S (2006) The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. J Labor Econ 24(3):411–482
Huber M, Melly B (2015) A test of the conditional independence assumption in sample selection models. J Appl Econ 30(7):1144–1168
Kleven H, Landais C, Posch J, Steinhauer A, Zweimüller J (2019a) Child penalties across countries: evidence and explanations (no. w25524). National Bureau of Economic Research, London
Kleven HJ, Landais C, Søgaard JE (2019b) Children and gender inequality: evidence from Denmark. Am Econ J Appl Econ 11:181–209
Kunze A (2008) Gender wage gap studies: consistency and decomposition. Empirical Econ 35(1), 63–76
Machado C (2017) Unobserved selection heterogeneity and the gender wage gap. J Appl Econ 32(7):1348–1366
Meurs D, Pailhé A, Ponthieux S (2010) Child-related career interruptions and the gender wage gap in France. Ann Econ Stat, 99/100:15–46
Oaxaca R (1973) Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. Int Econ Rev 14:693–709
Stinebrickner R, Stinebrickner T, Sullivan P (2019) Job tasks, time allocation, and wages. J Labor Econ 37(2):399–433
Weeden KA, Cha Y, Bucca M (2016) Long work hours, part-time work, and trends in the gender gap in pay, the motherhood wage penalty, and the fatherhood wage premium. RSF 2(4):71–102
Weichselbaumer D, Winter-Ebmer R (2005) A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap. J Econ Surv 19(3):479–511
Yamaguchi S (2018) Changes in returns to task-specific skills and gender wage gap. J Hum Resour 53(1):32–70
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Christl, M., Köppl-Turyna, M. (2020). Gender Wage Gaps and Skills. In: Zimmermann, K. (eds) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_27-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_27-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57365-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57365-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences