Skip to main content

Thematic Apperception Test

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 114 Accesses

Synonyms

TAT

Description

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a performance-based measure developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray (1935). Described as a test of literary imagination, the TAT forms the basis of an intensive analytic study by psychologists who believe that stories reveal aspects of human nature that may otherwise remain unknown. According to Murray and Morgan, this systematic approach has provided a method to investigate those original, highly personal themes that constitute the unique personality of each individual. The core themes, subtle nuances, and even the omissions that emerge are variants of an underlying narrative or personal representation of the individual’s past and present experience (Cramer 1996).

The TAT consists of 31 black and white pictures printed on a bristol board and designed for use as follows – 11 were designed for all sexes and ages (MF cards), seven for only girls and women (GF cards), seven for only boys and men (BM cards), one for...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   899.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   1,099.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References and Reading

  • Ackerman, S. J., Clemence, A. J., Weatherill, R., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (1999). The use of the TAT in the assessment of DSM-IV personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 422–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellak, L., & Abrams, D. M. (1997). The TAT, CAT and SAT in clinical use (6th ed.). New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bram, A. (2014). Object relations, interpersonal functioning, and health in a nonclinical sample: Construct validation and norms for the TAT SCORS-G. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31, 314–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmara, W. J., Nathan, J. S., & Puente, A. E. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications for professional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 12, 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, G., Litman, L., Waxman, R., Dupertuis, D., Pais, E., Rosenzweig, C., Forti, G., Paronik, J., & Canales, M. M. F. (2014). Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) assessment for culturally diverse children and adolescents. Rorschachiana, 35, 154–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, P. (1996). Storytelling, narrative, and the thematic apperception test. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, R. H. (1996). The thematic apperception test. In: C. S. Newmark (Ed.). Major psychological assessment instruments (2nd ed), pp. 166–205. Needham Heights, Mass.: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, R. H. (2005). Multicultural assessment: Principles, applications, and examples. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eurelings-Bontekoe, E., Zwinkels, K., Schaap-Jonker, H., & Edrisi, M. (2011). Formal characteristics of thematic apperception test narratives of adult patients with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary study. Psychology, 2, 687–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. C., Ackerman, S. J., Speanberg, S., Bailey, A., & Blagys, M. (2004). Personality and symptom change in treatment-refractory inpatients: Evaluation of the phase model of change using Rorschach, TAT, and DSM-IV Axis V. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 306–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gieser, L., & Stein, M. I. (1999). Evocative images: The thematic apperception test and the art of projection. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). Handbook of psychological assessment (4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiraishi, H., Haida, M., Matsumoto, M., Hayakawa, N., Inomata, S., & Matsumoto, H. (2012). Differences of prefrontal cortex activity between picture-based personality tests: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 366–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W. G. (1995). Origins and history of thematic apperception images. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 237–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method for investigating fantasies. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 34, 389–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, S. R., Lee, A. J., Belcher-Timme, Z., & Chau, C. P. (2014). Projective testing with Asian clients. In L. T. Benuto, N. Thaler, & B. D. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with Asians (pp. 121–133). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papini, S., Yoon, P., Rubin, M., Lopez-Castro, T., & Hien, D. A. (2014). Linguistic characteristics in a non-trauma-related narrative task are associated with PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, L. K., Schieffer, B., & Brown, W. S. (2004). Social processing deficits in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Narratives from the thematic apperception test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 215–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001 manual. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, E. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Eudell-Simmons, E. M., Blagys, M. D., et al. (2006). Reliability and validity of the social cognition and object relations scale in clinical use. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 617–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabin, L. A., Barr, W. A., & Burton, L. A. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA division 40 members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 33–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossini, E. D., & Moretti, R. J. (1997). Thematic apperception test (TAT) interpretation: Practice recommendations from a survey of clinical psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28, 393–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrout, P., & Fliess (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M., Hilsenroth, M., Slavin-Mulford, J., & Pinsker, J. (2011). Social cognition and object relations scale: Global rating method (SCORS-G) (4th ed.). Unpublished manuscript. Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, J. J., Moberg, P. J., & Suchy, Y. (2000). Ten-year follow-up survey of clinical neuropsychologists: Part I: Practice and beliefs. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 18–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, A. A., Brown, W. S., Symington, M., & Paul, L. K. (2010). Social narratives in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Linguistic analysis of the thematic apperception test. Neurpsychologia, 48, 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westen, D. (1995). Social cognition and object relations scale: Q-sort for projective stories (SCORS-Q). Unpublished manuscript. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Hospital and Harvard Medical School.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert M. Gordon .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Gordon, R.M., Smith-Wexler, L., Baron, E.M. (2018). Thematic Apperception Test. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2013

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics