Description
Clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely used and popular neuropsychological test. Rubin et al. (2005) reported that the CDT appears in the top 40 tests most commonly used by neuropsychologists. The CDT is often considered to be a visuoconstructional test. Modern versions of the CDT usually contain at least two parts – clock drawing to command and clock drawing to copy. In the command condition, patients are presented with a blank sheet of paper and are asked to “draw the face of a clock showing the numbers and the two hands set for ten after eleven”. In the copy condition, a pre-drawn model of a clock with numbers and hands set for 10 after 11 is presented, and the patient is asked to copy the model. Clock drawing with hands set for 10 after 11 is an innovation introduced by Edith Kaplan (1988, 1990). As described below, other versions of the CDT ask the patient to set the hands for other times. Also, some versions of the CDT include a clock subtest in which patients are...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences and Readings
Benton, A., & Tranel, D. (1993). Visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructional disorders. In K. M. Heilman & E. Valenstien (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Borod, J. C., Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1980). Normative data on the Boston diagnostic aphasia examination, parietal lobe battery, and the Boston naming test. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 209–216.
Cahn-Weiner, D. A., Williams, K., Grace, J., Tremont, G., Westervelt, H., & Stern, R. A. (2003). Discrimination of dementia with lewy bodies from Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease using the clock drawing test. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 16, 85–92.
Cohen, J., Penney, D. L., Davis, R., Libon, D. J., Ajilore, O., Kumar, A., & Lamar, M. (2014). Differentiating ‘thinking’ versus ‘drawing’ in depression across the lifespan. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 1–9.
Cosentino, S., Jefferson, A. J., Chute, D. L., Kaplan, E., & Libon, D. L. (2004). Clock drawing errors in dementia: Neuropsychological and neuroanatomic considerations. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17, 74–83.
Davis, R., Libon, D. J., Au, R., Pitman, D., & Penney, D. L. (2014). THink: Inferring cognitive status from subtle behaviors. Proceedings of the Conference of Artificial Intelligence, July, 2898–2905.
Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Shulman, K. I., & Delis, D. C. (1994). Clock drawing: A neuropsychological analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972). Assessment of aphasia and related disorders (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). Assessment of aphasia and related disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Baresi, B. (2001). Assessment of aphasia and related disorders (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams.
Head, H. (1926). Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. New York: Macmillan.
Kaplan, E. (1988). A process approach to neuropsychological assessment. In T. Boll & B. K. Bryant (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kaplan, E. (1990). The process approach to neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2, 72–87.
Lamar, M., Olusola, A., Cohen, J., Charlton, R., GadElkarim, J., Leow, A., Libon, D., & Kumar, A. (2016). Merging digital technology, neuropsychological assessment and the human connectome to detect preclinical markers of neurodegeneration. Neuropsychologia, 85, 301–309.
Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Rewilak, D., Richards, B., & Proulx, G.-B. (2000). The kaplan baycrest neurocognitive assessment. San Antonio: The Psychological Corp.
Lezak, M., Howison, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Libon, D. J., Swenson, R., Barnoski, E., & Sands, L. P. (1993). Clock drawing as an assessment tool for dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 405–416.
Libon, D. J., Malamut, B. L., Swenson, R., & Cloud, B. S. (1996). Further analyses of clock drawings among demented and non-demented subjects. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 193–211.
Libon, D.J., Penney, D.L., Davis, R., Tabby, D.S., Eppig, J., Nieves, C., Wicas, G., Lamar, M., Price, C.C., Au, R., Swenson, R., and Garrett, K.D. (2014). On behalf of the Clock Sketch Consortium. Deficits in processing speed and decision making in relapsing-remitting multiple Sclerosis: The digit clock drawing test (dCDT). Journal of Multiple Sclerosis, 1, 113. https://doi.org/10.4172/jmso.1000113.
Marcopulos, B. A., McLean, A., & Giuliano, A. J. (1997). Cognitive impairment or inadequate norms: A study of healthy, rural, older adults with limited education. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 111–131.
Mayer-Gross, W. (1935). Some observations on apraxia. Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine, 28, 1203–1212.
McFie, J., & Zangwill, O. L. (1960). Visuo-constructive disabilities associated with lesions of the left cerebral hemisphere. Brain, 83, 243–260.
Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Kennedy, C., & McGuire, K. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 18, 70–87.
Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1996). Longitudinal analysis of clock drawing in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Brain and Cognition, 31, 17–34.
Rubin, L. A., Barr, W. B., & Burton, L. A. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA division 40 members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 33–65.
Tranel, D., Rudrauf, D., Vianna, E. P. M., & Damasio, H. (2008). Does the clock drawing test have focal neuroanatomical correlates? Neuropsychology, 22, 553–562.
Tuokko, H., Hadjustavropoulos, T., Miller, J. A., & Beattie, B. L. (1992). The clock test: A sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 579–584.
Van der Horst, L. (1934). Constructional apraxia: Psychological views on the conception of space. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 80, 645–650.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Libon, D.J., Kaplan, E., Swenson, R., Penney, D.L. (2018). Clock Drawing. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1351
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1351
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57110-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57111-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences