Skip to main content

Suffering the Great Hunger: Scurvy and Tuberculosis as Reflected in Skeletons of Victims of the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852)

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

The Great Famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1852 was one of the worst health calamities of the nineteenth century. In recent years, palaeopathological analyses of human skeletal remains from archaeologically excavated famine mass burials from Ireland have revealed the physical impact of health deprivation due to starvation and infectious disease. Vitamin C deficiency and tuberculosis were two conditions that caused immense suffering during this period, and which are observable in the skeletal remains of the victims of the Famine. The manifestations of these reveal aspects of physical exhaustion but also that of recovery. Bioarchaeology – which is the study of human remains from archaeological contexts – provides a unique insight how the human experienced famines in the past. In the context of the Great Famine, it has provided means to acknowledge the lives of those who were lost and forgotten during a very dark and relatively recent period in the history of Ireland.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   869.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adler C-P (2000) Bone diseases: macroscopic, histological, and radiological diagnosis of structural changes in the skeleton. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C (1998) The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont J, Montgomery J (2016) The great Irish famine: identifying starvation in the tissues of victims using stable isotope analysis of bone and incremental dentine collagen. PLoS One 11:e0160065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle PP, Ó Gráda C (1986) Fertility trends, excess mortality, and the great Irish famine. Demography 23:543–562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breathnach CS, Moynihan JB (2011) William Wilde and the early records of consumption in Ireland. Ulster Med J 80:42–48

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brickley M, Ives R (2008) The bioarchaeology of metabolic bone disease. Academic Press, Amsterdam

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buikstra JE (2006) Preface. In: Buikstra JE, Beck LA (eds) Bioarchaeology: the contextual analysis of human remains. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp xvii–xvxx

    Google Scholar 

  • Census of Ireland Commission (1856) Report of the commissioners appointed to take the census of Ireland for the year 1851, Part V, Tables of deaths, vol 2. A. Thom & Co, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain AT (2006) Demography in archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen M (2002) Toward an historical ethnography of the great Irish famine: the parish of Tullylish, county down, 1841–1851. In: Nugent D (ed) Locating capitalism in time and space: global restructurings, politics, and identity. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp 113–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MN, Armelagos GJ (eds) (2013) Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousens SH (1960) Regional death rates in Ireland during the great famine, from 1846 to 1851. Popul Stud 14:55–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford EM (1988) Scurvy in Ireland during the great famine. Soc Hist Med 1:281–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delanghe JR, De Buyzere ML, Speeckaert MM, Langlois MR (2013) Genetic aspects of scurvy and the European famine of 1845–1848. Nutrients 5:3582–3588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly JS Jr (2001) The great Irish potato famine. Sutton Publishing, Stroud

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleton T (1995) Heathcliff and the great hunger: studies in Irish culture. Verso, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ell PS, Cunningham N, Gregory IN (2014) No spatial watershed: religious geographies of Ireland pre- and post-famine. In: Corporaal M, Cusack C, Janssen L, van den Beuken R (eds) Global legacies of the great Irish famine. Peter Lang, Oxford, pp 197–224

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2001) Human energy requirements. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Galler JR, Barrett LR (2001) Children and famine: long-term impact on development. Ambul Child Health 7:85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg RK, Somvanshi DS (2011) Spinal tuberculosis: a review. J Spinal Cord Med 34:440–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geber J (2012) Burying the famine dead: Kilkenny union workhouse. In: Crowley J, Smyth WJ, Murphy M (eds) Atlas of the great Irish famine, 1845–52. Cork University Press, Cork, pp 341–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Geber J (2014) Skeletal manifestations of stress in child victims of the great Irish famine (1845–1852): prevalence of enamel hypoplasia, Harris lines, and growth retardation. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:149–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geber J (2015a) Famine. In: Metheny KB, Beaudry MC (eds) Archaeology of food: an encyclopedia, vol 1: A–K. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, pp 155–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Geber J (2015b) Victims of Ireland’s great famine: the bioarchaeology of mass burials at Kilkenny union workhouse. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Geber J (2016a) ‘Children in a Ragged State’: seeking a biocultural narrative of a workhouse childhood in Ireland during the great famine (1845–1852). Child Past 9:120–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geber J (2016b) Mortality among institutionalised children during the great famine in Ireland: bioarchaeological contextualisation of non-adult mortality rates in the Kilkenny union workhouse, 1846–1851. Contin Chang 31:101–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geber J, Murphy E (2012) Scurvy in the great Irish famine: evidence of vitamin C deficiency from a mid-19th century skeletal population. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:512–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guinnane TW, Ó Gráda C (2002) The workhouses and Irish famine mortality. In: Dyson T, Ó Gráda C (eds) Famine demography: perspectives from the past and present. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 44–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindley R (1990) The death of the Irish language. Routledge, Abingdon

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones G (2001) “Captain of all these men of death”: the history of tuberculosis in nineteenth and twentieth century Ireland. Rodopi, Amsterdam

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan TE (1998) Ireland’s Children: quality of life, stress, and child development in the famine era. Greenwood Press, Westport

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley MA, Micozzi MS (1984) Rib lesions in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Phys Anthropol 65:381–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy L, Ell PS, Crawford EM, Clarkson LA (1999) Mapping the great Irish famine: a survey of the famine decades. Four Courts Press, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinealy C (1997) A death-dealing famine: the great hunger in Ireland. Pluto Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinealy C (2006) This great calamity: the Irish famine 1845–52, 2nd edn. Dublin, Gill & Macmillan

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen CS (2015) Bioarchaeology: interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumey LH, Stein AD, Susser E (2011) Prenatal famine and adult health. Annu Rev Public Health 32:237–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald B (2000) Clones poor law union 1845–50. Clogher Rec 17:3–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margerison BJ, Knüsel CJ (2002) Paleodemographic comparison of a catastrophic and an attritional death assemblage. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:134–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mays S (2014) The Palaeopathology of scurvy in Europe. Int J Paleopath 5:55–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mays S, Taylor GM, Legge AJ, Young DB, Turner-Walker G (2001) Paleopathological and biomolecular study of tuberculosis in a medieval skeletal collection from England. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:298–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokyr J, Ó Gráda C (2002) What do people die of during famines: the great Irish famine in comparative perspective. Eur Rev Econ Hist 6:339–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ó Gráda C (1999) Black ‘47 and beyond: the Great Irish Famine in history, economy, and memory. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Gráda C (2001) Famine, trauma, and memory. Bealoideas 69:121–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ó Gráda C (2007) Making famine history. J Econ Lit 45:5–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ó Gráda C (2009) Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor J (1995) The workhouses of Ireland: the fate of Ireland’s poor. Anvil Books, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donovan E (2012) 2012:482 – Clones workhouse, Monaghan. In: excavations.ie: database of Irish excavation reports. Wordwell. http://www.excavations.ie/report/2012/Monaghan/0023534/. Accessed 18 Nov 2016

  • O’Meara B (2006) A preliminary account of recent excavations adjacent to Kilkenny union workhouse. Old Kilk Rev 58:154–162

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke K (1994) The economic impact of the famine in the short and long run. Am Econ Rev 84:309–313

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan P (1997) Introduction to volume 6: the meaning of the famine. In: O’Sullivan P (ed) The meaning of the famine. Leicester University Press, London, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser CE Jr (1996) Can there be an archaeology of the great famine? In: Morash C, Hayes R (eds) ‘Fearful realities’: new perspectives on the famine. Irish Academic Press, Blackrock, pp 77–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortner DJ (2003) Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortner DJ, Butler W, Cafarella J, Milligan L (2001) Evidence of probable scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in North America. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortner DJ, Kimmerle EH, Diez M (1999) Probable evidence of scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in Peru. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:321–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poor Law Commission (1839) Fifth annual report of the poor law commissioners for England and wales; Together with appendices A. B. C. & D. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts CA, Boylston A, Buckley L, Chamberlain AC, Murphy EM (1998) Rib lesions and tuberculosis: the Palaeopathological evidence. Tuber Lung Dis 79:55–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts CA, Buikstra JE (2003) The bioarchaeology of tuberculosis. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers J, Waldron T (1989) Infections in Palaeopathology: the basis of classification according to most probable cause. J Archaeol Sci 16:611–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CE (1993) The land-tenure system in Ireland: a fatal regime. Marquette Law Rev 76:469–484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GB (1880) The life of the right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone, M.P., D.C.L., Etc., vol 1. Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinbock RT (1976) Paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation: bone disease in ancient human populations. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout M (1996) The geography and implications of post-famine population decline in Baltyboys, county Wicklow. In: Morash C, Hayes R (eds) ‘Fearful realities’: new perspectives on the famine. Irish Academic Press, Blackrock, pp 15–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuli SM (2016) Tuberculosis of the skeletal system (bones, joints, spine and bursal sheaths), 5th edn. The Health Sciences Publisher, New Delhi

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh D (2012) Did the great Irish famine increase schizophrenia? Ir J Psychol Med 29:7–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan K (1995) Pre and post-famine landscape change. In: Póirtéir C (ed) The great Irish famine. Mercier Press, Cork, pp 19–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood JW, Milner GR, Harpending HC, Weiss KM (1992) The osteological paradox: problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples. Curr Anthropol 33:343–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaussy SL, DeWitte SN, Redfern RC (2016) Frailty and famine: patterns of mortality and physiological stress among victims of famine in medieval London. Am J Phys Anthropol 160: 272–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zadoks JC (2008) The potato murrain on the European continent and the revolutions of 1848. Potato Res 51:5–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonny Geber .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Geber, J. (2019). Suffering the Great Hunger: Scurvy and Tuberculosis as Reflected in Skeletons of Victims of the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852). In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55387-0_84

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55387-0_84

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55386-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55387-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics