Abstract
This chapter highlights the difficulties inherent in defining heritage languages for immigrant Africans in the various African diasporas and provides key arguments in favor of coalescing efforts for immigrant heritage language development in the diaspora around a few African national languages, rather than the many indigenous African languages. It also provides key considerations, including the influence of language use in the immigrants’ home countries, on diaspora language use, language competence, home language practice by families, assimilative narratives that oppose linguistic diversity, and the availability of linguistic resources, such as books, that would support heritage language development. Recommendations and possible solutions for surmounting some of these challenges are also provided.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adegbija, E. (1994). Language attitudes in sub-Saharan Africa: A sociolinguistic overview. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Alexander, N. (2003). Language education policy, national and Sub-national identities in South Africa. Guide for the development of language education policies in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/AlexanderEN.pdf.
Baker, C. (2006). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Baker, C., & Jones, S. P. (1998). Encyclopedia of bilingual education and bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Bamgbose, A. (2009). Language of instruction policy and practice in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/languages_2004/languageinstruction_africa.pdf.
Batibo, H. M. (2005). Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences and challenges. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Brock-Utne, B. (2001). Education for all: In whose language? Oxford Review of Education, 27(1), 115–134.
Brutt-Griffler, J., & Makoni, S. (2006). The uses of ‘heritage language.’ An African perspective. The Modern Language Journal, 89, 609–612.
Bunyi, G. (1997). Language in education in Kenyan schools, Encyclopedia of language and education (Vol. 5, pp. 33–43). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cleghorn, A., Merritt, M., & Abagi, J. (1989). Language policy and science instruction in Kenyan primary schools. Comparative Education Review, 33(1), 21–39.
Fishman, J. (1991). Reversing language shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Fishman, J. (2001). 300-plus years of heritage language education in the United States. In J. Peyton, D. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritate languages in America: Preserving a national heritage (pp. 81–98). Long Beach: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Google. (2016). Google translate. Retrieved from https://translate.google.com.
Grimes, B. F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (Vol. 1, 14th ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
Heine, B., & Nurse, D. (2000). African languages – An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kelleher, A. (2008). What is a heritage language? In J. K. Peyton (Ed.), Heritage languages in the United States: Frequently asked questions (Vol. 1, pp. 3–4). Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/heritage/research/What-is-aHeritage-Language.pdf.
Kigamwa. (2016). Factors in the acquisition and maintenance of heritage languages among US-Born children of African immigrants. Linguistica Online, 17, 43–55 . Retrieved from: http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/kigamwa/kig-001.pdf.
Kioko, A., & Muthwii, M. (2001). The demands of a changing society: English in education in Kenya today. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 14(3), 201–203.
Muthwii, M. J. (2004). Language planning and literacy in Kenya: Living with unresolved paradoxes. Current Issues in Language Planning, 5(1), 34–50.
Muthwii, M., & Kioko, A. (2003). A fresh quest for new language bearings in Africa. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 16(2), 97–105.
Ogbu, J., & Simons, H. (1998). Voluntary and involuntary minorities: A cultural-ecological theory of school performance with some implications for education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 29(2), 155–188.
Okombo, O. (1999). Towards a strategy of changing attitudes to indigenous African languages. In L. Limage (Ed.), Comparative perspectives on language and literacy: Selected papers from the work of the language and literacy commission of the 10th world congress of comparative education societies. Cape Town, 1998 (pp. 591–596). Dakar: Unesco.
Ongechi, N. O. (2009). The role of foreign and indigenous languages in primary schools: The case of Kenya. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus, 39, 143–158.
Piller, I. (2001). Private language planning: The best of both worlds. Estudios de Sociolinguistica, 2(1), 61–80.
Portes, A., & Hao, L. (1998). Bilingualism and language loss in the second generation. Sociology of Education, 71(4), 269–294.
Portes, A., & Schauffler, R. (1994). Language and the second generation: Bilingualism yesterday and today. International Migration Review, 28(4), 640–661.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Toukomaa, P. (1976). Teaching migrant children’s mother tongue and learning the language of the host country in the context of the sociocultural situation of the migrant family, report written for UNESCO. Tampere: University of Tampere.
Valdés, G. (2001). Heritage language students: Profiles and possibilities. In J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 37–77). Washington, DC/McHenry: Center for Applied Linguistics & Delta Systems.
Zahorik, J., & Teshome, W. (2009). Debating language policy in Ethiopia. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 18(1), 80–102.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Kigamwa, J. (2018). So Many Languages to Choose from: Heritage Languages and the African Diaspora. In: Trifonas, P., Aravossitas, T. (eds) Handbook of Research and Practice in Heritage Language Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44694-3_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44694-3_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44692-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44694-3
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education