Skip to main content

Light Scattering of Epoxy/Thermoplastic Blends

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Epoxy Blends

Abstract

Light scattering is a popular in situ technique commonly used to study the morphology evolution in real time in heterogeneous systems. The immediate response and short sample preparation times are the distinct advantages of light scattering compared to electron microscopy to study the morphology evolution in polymer blends. The small-angle light scattering (SALS) technique is extensively used to study the reaction-induced phase separation in epoxy blends. Studies involving various epoxy/block copolymer and epoxy/thermoplastic blends were included in this chapter. During the epoxy curing process, the morphology change with respect to curing time and blend composition was followed via the change in scattering patterns using time-resolved light scattering technique (TRLS). The formation of secondary structures within the phase-separated primary domains and their mechanism of phase separation were also studied using light scattering technique. More importantly, in reactive blending, the light scattering technique will provide deeper understanding of the effect of polymer functionality and processing parameters on the phase-separated morphology. This chapter would give an overview of morphology evolution studied in various reactive epoxy blends using light scattering technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 649.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arinina MP, Ilyin SO, Makarova VV, Gorbunova IY, Kerber ML, Kulichikhin VG (2015) Miscibility and rheological properties of epoxy resin blends with aromatic polyethers. Poly Sci A 57(2):177–185. doi:10.1134/s0965545x15020017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augustine D, Vijayalakshmi KP, Sadhana R, Mathew D, Reghunadhan Nair CP (2014) Hydroxyl terminated PEEK-toughened epoxy–amino novolac phthalonitrile blends – synthesis, cure studies and adhesive properties. Polymer 55(23):6006–6016. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri R, Marouf BT, Pearson RA (2009) Rubber-toughened epoxies: a critical review. Polym Rev 49(3):201–225. doi:10.1080/15583720903048227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis B, Ramaswamy R, Lakshmana Rao V, Thomas S (2006) Toughening of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin using poly (ether ether ketone) with pendent ditert-butyl groups. Int J Poly Mater Poly Biomat 55(9):681–702. doi:10.1080/00914030500323326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis B, Thomas S, Sadhana R, Thuaud N, Ramaswamy R, Jose S, Rao VL (2007) Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin modified using poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent tert-butyl groups. J Polym Sci B 45(17):2481–2496. doi:10.1002/polb.21238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gan W, Yu Y, Wang M, Tao Q, Li S (2003) Viscoelastic effects on the phase separation in thermoplastics-modified epoxy resin. Macromolecules 36(20):7746–7751. doi:10.1021/ma034649a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gan W, Xiong W, Yu Y, Li S (2009) Effects of the molecular weight of poly(ether imide) on the viscoelastic phase separation of poly(ether imide)/epoxy blends. J Appl Polym Sci 114(5):3158–3167. doi:10.1002/app.30897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto T, Kumaki J, Kawai H (1983) Time-resolved light scattering studies on kinetics of phase separation and phase dissolution of polymer blends. 1. Kinetics of phase separation of a binary mixture of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether). Macromolecules 16(4):641–648. doi:10.1021/ma00238a030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin JH, Simon GP, Varley RJ (1998) Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review. Polym Adv Technol 9(1):3–10. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199801)9:1<3::AID-PAT727>3.0.CO;2-I

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe CE, Galante MJ, Oyanguren PA, Williams RJJ, Girard-Reydet E, Pascault JP (2002) Transparent multiphasic polystyrene/epoxy blends. Polym Eng Sci 42(12):2361–2368. doi:10.1002/pen.11122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe CE, Galante MJ, Oyanguren PA, Williams RJJ (2004) Thermally reversible light scattering films based on droplets of a liquid crystal (N-4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-n-butylaniline)/polystyrene solution dispersed in an epoxy matrix. Macromolecules 37(14):5352–5357. doi:10.1021/ma0496955

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hourston DJ, Lane JM, MacBeath NA (1991) Toughening of epoxy resins with thermoplastics. II. Tetrafunctional epoxy resin-polyetherimide blends. Polym Int 26(1):17–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, Zhao L, Zhan GZ, Tang XL, Li SJ (2009) Effect of epoxidized polybutadiene-b-polystyrene on the reaction induced phase separation behavior of poly(phenylene oxide) modified epoxy blends. Acta Chim Sin 67(15):1815–1821

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue T (1995) Reaction-induced phase decomposition in polymer blends. Prog Polym Sci 20(1):119–153. doi:10.1016/0079-6700(94)00032-W

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jyotishkumar P, Koetz J, Tiersch B, Strehmel V, Özdilek C, Moldenaers P, Hässler R, Thomas S (2009) Complex phase separation in poly(acrylonitrile − butadiene − styrene)-modified epoxy/4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone blends: generation of new micro- and nanosubstructures. J Phys Chem B 113(16):5418–5430. doi:10.1021/jp8094566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jyotishkumar P, Özdilek C, Moldenaers P, Sinturel C, Janke A, Pionteck J, Thomas S (2010) Dynamics of phase separation in poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)-modified epoxy/DDS system: kinetics and viscoelastic effects. J Phys Chem B 114(42):13271–13281. doi:10.1021/jp101661t

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jyotishkumar P, Pionteck J, Ozdilek C, Moldenaers P, Cvelbar U, Mozetic M, Thomas S (2011) Rheology and pressure-volume-temperature behavior of the thermoplastic poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)-modified epoxy-DDS system during reaction induced phase separation. Soft Matter 7(16):7248–7256. doi:10.1039/C1SM05718A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jyotishkumar P, Moldenaers P, George SM, Thomas S (2012) Viscoelastic effects in thermoplastic poly(styrene-acrylonitrile)-modified epoxy-DDM system during reaction induced phase separation. Soft Matter 8(28):7452–7462. doi:10.1039/C2SM07055C

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BS, Chiba T, Inoue T (1993) A new time-temperature-transformation cure diagram for thermoset/thermoplastic blend: tetrafunctional epoxy/poly(ether sulfone). Polymer 34(13):2809–2815. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(93)90125-T

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BS, Chiba T, Inoue T (1995a) Morphology development via reaction-induced phase separation in epoxy/poly(ether sulfone) blends: morphology control using poly(ether sulfone) with functional end-groups. Polymer 36(1):43–47. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(95)90673-P

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BS, Chiba T, Inoue T (1995b) Phase separation and apparent phase dissolution during cure process of thermoset/thermoplastic blend. Polymer 36(1):67–71. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(95)90676-S

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulshreshtha B, Ghosh AK, Misra A (2003) Crystallization kinetics and morphological behavior of reactively processed PBT/epoxy blends. Polymer 44(16):4723–4734. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00347-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • l’Abee R, Goossens H, van Duin M (2008) Thermoplastic vulcanizates obtained by reaction-induced phase separation: interplay between phase separation dynamics, final morphology and mechanical properties. Polymer 49(9):2288–2297. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.03.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Xia Z, Li A, Ling Y, Wang B, Gan W (2015) Effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on the reaction-induced phase separation in dynamically asymmetric epoxy/PEI blends. RSC Adv 5(11):8471–8478. doi:10.1039/C4RA12261E

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Zhong X, Yu Y (2010) Gelation behavior of thermoplastic-modified epoxy systems during polymerization-induced phase separation. Colloid Polym Sci 288(16):1561–1570. doi:10.1007/s00396-010-2288-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López J, Ramírez C, Abad MJ, Barral L, Cano J, Díez F (2002) Dynamic mechanical analysis of an epoxy/thermoplastic blend: polymerization-induced phase separation. Polym Int 51(10):1100–1106. doi:10.1002/pi.953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan P (2013) A critical review: the modification, properties, and applications of epoxy resins. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 52(2):107–125. doi:10.1080/03602559.2012.727057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mucha M (2003) Polymer as an important component of blends and composites with liquid crystals. Prog Polym Sci 28(5):837–873. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00117-X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omrani A, Shahhossieni F (2013) Preparation and characterization of a tertiary nanocomposite from polycarbonate and epoxy resin. J Macromol Sci A 50(7):747–756. doi:10.1080/10601325.2013.792644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oyanguren PA, Frontini PM, Williams RJJ, Vigier G, Pascault JP (1996) Reaction-induced phase separation in poly(butylene terephthalate)-epoxy systems: 2. Morphologies generated and resulting properties. Polymer 37(14):3087–3092. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(96)89408-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaranpillai J, Moldenaers P, Thomas S (2013) Rheological study of the SAN modified epoxy-DDM system: relationship between viscosity and viscoelastic phase separation. RSC Adv 3(46):23967–23971. doi:10.1039/C3RA43138J

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Pérez L, Royston GJ, Fairclough JPA, Ryan AJ (2008) Toughening by nanostructure. Polymer 49(21):4475–4488. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.07.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruzette A-V, Leibler L (2005) Block copolymers in tomorrow’s plastics. Nat Mater 4(1):19–31. doi:10.1038/nmat1295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddhamalli SK, Kyu T (2000) Toughening of thermoset/thermoplastic composites via reaction-induced phase separation: epoxy/phenoxy blends. J Appl Polym Sci 77(6):1257–1268. doi:10.1002/1097-4628(20000808)77:6<1257::AID-APP10>3.0.CO;2-Z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song X, Zheng S, Huang J, Zhu P, Guo Q (2000) Miscibility, morphology and fracture toughness of tetrafunctional epoxy resin/poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) blends. J Mater Sci 35(22):5613–5619. doi:10.1023/a:1004824628535

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun S, Zhang F, Fu Y, Zhou C, Zhang H (2013) Properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)/bisphenol A polycarbonate blends toughening with epoxy-functionalized acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene particles. J Macromol Sci B 52(6):861–872. doi:10.1080/00222348.2012.738156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda P (2014) Characterization of phase behavior in polymer blends by light scattering. In: Characterization of polymer blends. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp 159–208. doi:10.1002/9783527645602.ch05

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp RH, Rennie AR, Jones RAL (1995) Kinetics of the simultaneous phase separation and gelation in solutions of dextran and gelatin. Macromolecules 28(12):4129–4138. doi:10.1021/ma00116a012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Jiang Y, Li L, Wang P, Yang Q, Li G (2012) Mechanical properties, rheology, and crystallization of epoxy-resin-compatibilized polyamide 6/polycarbonate blends: effect of mixing sequences. J Macromol Sci B 51(1):96–108. doi:10.1080/00222348.2011.565273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright WW (1986) In: K. Dusek (ed) Epoxy resins and composites II. Advances in polymer science, vol 75. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, xiii+l80, price DM 118.00. ISBN 3-540-15825-1. Br Polym J 18(5):349–349. doi:10.1002/pi.4980180514

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia Z, Li W, Ding J, Li A, Gan W (2014) Effect of PS-b-PCL block copolymer on reaction-induced phase separation in epoxy/PEI blend. J Polym Sci B 52(21):1395–1402. doi:10.1002/polb.23575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Holst M, Rüllmann M, Wenzel M, Alig I (2007) Reaction‐induced phase separation in a polysulfone‐modified epoxy‐anhydride thermoset. J Macromol Sci B 46(1):155–181. doi:10.1080/00222340601044342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yongtao Y, Jingjie W, Haibao L, Ben X, Yongqing F, Yanju L, Jinsong L (2016) Thermosetting epoxy resin/thermoplastic system with combined shape memory and self-healing properties. Smart Mater Struct 25(1):015021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Wang M, Gan W, Tao Q, Li S (2004) Polymerization-induced viscoelastic phase separation in polyethersulfone-modified epoxy systems. J Phys Chem B 108(20):6208–6215. doi:10.1021/jp036628o

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Chen F, Shi W, Liang Y, Han CC (2010) Layered structure formation in the reaction-induced phase separation of epoxy/polysulfone blends. Polymer 51(25):6030–6036. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Q, Tan K, Peng M, Pan Y (2002) Study on the phase separation of thermoplastic-modified epoxy systems by time-resolved small-angle laser light scattering. J Appl Polym Sci 85(5):950–956. doi:10.1002/app.10405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Anbazhagan Palanisamy or Nishar Hameed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Palanisamy, A., Hameed, N. (2017). Light Scattering of Epoxy/Thermoplastic Blends. In: Parameswaranpillai, J., Hameed, N., Pionteck, J., Woo, E. (eds) Handbook of Epoxy Blends. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40043-3_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics