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Fasting Influences Conditioned Memory for Food Preference Through the Orexin System: Hypothesis Gained from Studies in the Rat

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation

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Abstract

A large variety of behaviors that are essential for animal survival depend on the processing and perception of surrounding smells present in the natural environment. In particular, food-search behavior, which is conditioned by hunger, is directly driven by the perception of odors associated with food, and feeding status modulates olfactory sensitivity. The orexigenic hypothalamic peptide orexin A, one of the main central and peripheral hormones that triggers food intake, has been shown to increase olfactory sensitivity in various experimental conditions including the conditioned odor aversion learning paradigm. Conditioned odor aversion is an associative task that corresponds to the association between an olfactory conditioned stimulus and a delayed gastric malaise. Previous studies have shown that this association is formed only if the delay separating the conditioned stimulus presentation from the malaise is short, suggesting that the memory trace of the odor is relatively unstable. To test the selective impact of the orexin system in olfactory sensitivity, a recent study compared the effects of fasting and of central infusion of orexin A during the acquisition of conditioned odor aversion. Results showed that the increased olfactory sensitivity induced by fasting or by orexin infusion was accompanied by enhanced conditioned odor aversion learning performances. In reference to the duration of action of orexin, the present work details the results obtained during the successive conditioned odor aversion extinction tests and suggests a hypothesis concerning the role of the orexin component of fasting on the memory processes underlying the odor-malaise association during conditioned odor aversion. Moreover, referring to previous data in the literature, we suggest a functional circuit model where fasting modulates olfactory memory processes through direct and/or indirect activation of particular orexin brain targets including the olfactory bulb, the locus coeruleus, and the amygdala.

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Abbreviations

aCSF:

Artificial cerebrospinal fluid

BLA:

Basolateral amygdala

COA:

Conditioned odor aversion

CS:

Conditioned stimulus

i.p.:

Intraperitoneal

Icv:

Intracerebroventricular

ISI:

Interstimulus interval

LC:

Locus coeruleus

LH:

Lateral hypothalamus

NA:

Norepinephrine

nM:

Nanomolar

OB:

Olfactory bulb

OX:

Orexin

SEM:

Standard error of the mean

US:

Unconditioned stimulus

μl:

Microliter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS UMR 5292 – INSERM U1028 – UCBL1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France

    Barbara Ferry & Patricia Duchamp-Viret

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  1. Barbara Ferry
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  2. Patricia Duchamp-Viret
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Correspondence to Barbara Ferry .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes & Nutritional Sci Div Sch, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor Preedy

  2. Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, Westminster, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Ferry, B., Duchamp-Viret, P. (2018). Fasting Influences Conditioned Memory for Food Preference Through the Orexin System: Hypothesis Gained from Studies in the Rat. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_121-1

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