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Effects of Energy Deficiency: A Focus on Hospitalized and Critically Ill Patients

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  • First Online:
Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation

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Abstract

Malnutrition is a broad term used to describe any imbalance in nutrition that can develop as a result of dietary intake, increase in basal requirements, poor absorption, excessive nutrient losses due to an underlying disease state, or any combination of such factors. Upon admission, 15–60% of hospitalized patients are at risk or already qualify as being malnourished, with 30–40% of hospitalized patients experiencing further nutritional decline during their hospital course. When left unnoticed, malnourishment, especially in the hospitalized patient, is associated with several negative sequelae, including immunosuppression, higher infection rates, increased muscle loss with delayed functional recovery, impaired wound healing, increased risk of treatment complications, fewer ventilator-free days, longer hospital stays, higher overall treatment costs, and increased mortality rates. Several nutritional risk scoring systems exist to help clinicians risk-stratify these patients upon admission, with the goal of starting early nutritional therapy when deemed necessary.

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Abbreviations

APACHE II:

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II

ASPEN:

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition

BMI:

Body mass index

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

GALT:

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

IC:

Indirect calorimetry

NICE SUGAR:

Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation

SCCM:

Society of Critical Care Medicine

SOFA:

Sequential organ failure assessment

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emergency/Internal/Critical Care Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Hofstra School of Medicine, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY, 11040, USA

    Lisa Santoriello

  2. Department of Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Hofstra School of Medicine, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY, 11040, USA

    Rafael Barrera

Authors
  1. Lisa Santoriello
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  2. Rafael Barrera
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lisa Santoriello .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes & Nutritional Sci Div Sch, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor Preedy

  2. Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, Westminster, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Santoriello, L., Barrera, R. (2017). Effects of Energy Deficiency: A Focus on Hospitalized and Critically Ill Patients. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_1-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_1-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40007-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40007-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

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