This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bulman, R. A., 2003. Metabolism and toxicity of the lanthanides. In Sigel, A., and Sigel, H. (eds.), Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Vol. 40, The Lanthanides and Their Interrelations and Biosystems. Basel: Marcel Dekker, pp. 683–703.
Chakhmouradian, A. R., and Wall, F., (eds.), 2012. Rare earth elements. Elements, 8, 333–376.
Goonan, T. G., 2011. Rare earth elements – end use and recyclability. U. S. Geol. Surv. Sci. Invest. Rpt. 2011–5094, 15pp.
Gschneidner, Jr., K. A., 2016. Physical properties of the rare earth metals. In Haynes, W. M. (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press pp. 4-115–4-120.
Hammond, C. R., 2016. The elements. In Haynes, W. M. (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press pp. 4-1–4-42.
Lodders, K., 2003. Solar system abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements. Astrophysics Journal, 591, 1220–1247.
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., De Bièvre, P., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., and Prohaska, T., 2016a. Atomic weights of the elements 2013. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 88, 265–291 (IUPAC Technical Report).
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., De Bièvre, P., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., and Prohaska, T., 2016b. Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 88, 293–306 (IUPAC Technical Report).
Nozaki, Y., 2001. Rare earth elements and their isotopes in the ocean. In Steele, J. H., et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. London: Academic, pp. 2354–2366.
Taylor, S. R., and McLennan, S. M., 2009. Planetary Crusts: Their Composition, Origin and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 378pp.
Zaimes, G. G., Hubler, B. J., Wang, S., and Khanna, V., 2015. Environmental life cycle perspective on rare earth oxide production. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 3, 237–244.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
McLennan, S.M. (2016). Holmium. In: White, W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_109-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_109-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39193-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences