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Physiology of the Hypothalamus Pituitary Unit

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases

Part of the book series: Endocrinology ((ENDOCR))

Abstract

The hypothalamic-pituitary unit constitutes the main regulator of the physiological functions in the organism. In the last years, the classical view about the regulation and the function of the main hormonal axis somatotroph, thyrotrophic, lactotroph, and gonadotroph has changed by the inclusion of new signals and organs acting in the hypothalamic-pituitary unit allowing a communication between metabolic status and hormonal system in order to regulate energy balance and physiological functions such as growth, lactation, adiposity, and reproduction.

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Abbreviations

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH:

Anti-diuretic hormone

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

aMSH:

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

BMI:

Body mass index

CART:

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript neuropeptides

CB1:

Cannabinoid receptor 1

CCK:

Cholecystokinin

CRH:

Corticotroph releasing hormone

CRH:

Corticotropin releasing hormone

D1:

Deiodinase type 1

D3:

Deiodinase type 3

DMH:

Dorsomedial hypothalamus

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

FSH-RH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone–releasing hormone

G6PC:

Glucose-6-phosphatese

GH:

Growth hormone

GHR:

Growth hormone binds at specific transmembrane receptor

GHRH:

Growth hormone releasing hormone

GHSR:

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

GnIH:

Gonadotropin Inhibiting Hormone

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GOAT:

Ghrelin O-acyltransferase

GPCR:

Seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor

IGF1R:

Receptor for IGF1

IGFBB:

IGF1 binding proteins

JAK2:

Janus kinase 2

KNDy:

Kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin neurons.

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

LHRH:

Luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCT-8:

Monocarboxylate transporter 8

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NKA:

Neurokinin A

NKB:

Neurokinin B

NPY/AgRP:

Orexigenic peptides Neuropeptide Y and Agouty-related protein

OATP1C1:

Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1

PACAP:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

PCK1:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

PI3K/AKT:

Phosphotidyl inositol 3-kinase

Pit-1:

Pituitary transcription factor

POMC/CART:

Pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript

PRL:

Prolactin

PVH:

Paraventricular hypothalamus nucleus

SP:

Substance P

SS:

Somatostatin

SSTR:

Somatostatin receptor

STAT5:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5

TH:

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

TRH/TRF:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone/thyrotropin-releasing factor

TSH:

Thyrotropin/thyroid-stimulating hormone

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

VMH:

Ventromedial hypothalamus.

Δ9THC:

Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinol

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, IDIS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    L. M. Seoane

  2. CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain

    L. M. Seoane, S. Tovar & C. Dieguez

  3. Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    S. Tovar & C. Dieguez

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  1. L. M. Seoane
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  2. S. Tovar
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  3. C. Dieguez
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  1. DepT of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Univ de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Felipe F. Casanueva

  2. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetol, University of Torino, Torino, Torino, Italy

    Ezio Ghigo

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Seoane, L.M., Tovar, S., Dieguez, C. (2018). Physiology of the Hypothalamus Pituitary Unit. In: Casanueva, F., Ghigo, E. (eds) Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases. Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38681-2_1-1

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