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Handbook of the Protists pp 1–28Cite as

Diplomonadida

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Abstract

The diplomonads (“two units”) are characterized by their possession of two nuclei that are similar in appearance, replication, and function. Together with the Carpediemonas-like organisms and retortamonads, the diplomonads are classified within Fornicata. Each “unit” of the diplomonad cell includes a karyomastigont that has one nucleus and (usually) four flagella, which are used for locomotion. Thus, most diplomonads have two karyomastigonts. However, the “enteromonads” present an exception in that they have a single karyomastigont per cell. The diplomonads have anaerobic metabolism and lack conventional mitochondria, so they were thought to be pre-mitochondriate organisms. However, they have subsequently been shown to have highly reduced mitochondria called mitochondrion-related organelles (MRO) that perform some of the functions of conventional mitochondria. The most studied diplomonads are the Giardia species, which are intestinal pathogens or commensals for a variety of vertebrates from amphibians to mammals and include pathogens of humans. Like Giardia spp., the Spironucleus species also replicate in the host intestine, in this case in vertebrates or invertebrates and include notable fish pathogens. In contrast, Hexamita and Trepomonas species can be either free-living or parasitic.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya

    Rodney D. Adam

  2. Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA

    Rodney D. Adam

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  1. Rodney D. Adam
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Mole, Dalhousie University Department of Biochemistry and Mole, HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

  4. Ashland, Oregon, USA

    Lynn Margulis

  5. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln Biozentrum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Michael Melkonian

  6. Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, University of California Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    David J. Chapman

  7. Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    John O. Corliss

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Adam, R.D. (2017). Diplomonadida. In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_1-1

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