Abstract
The development of fluid spaces in the central nervous system is a difficult subject in developmental biology. The beginning of this ontogenetic history takes place during neurulation, during the fourth week of development in humans. The movements of neurulation lead to the formation of a neural tube from a neural plate yielded by neural induction. The tube is centered by a cavity, the so-called neurocele, which communicates with the amniotic cavity by the two neuropores. After the closure of the anterior neuropore, the spinal neurocele is occluded to generate a hyper-pressure in the neural tube lumen. This process plays a major role in the development of the anterior region of the central nervous system. The second important developmental phenomenon for this question is that of the formation of choroid plexuses. These structures are formed by the apposition of two tissues: the epithelial tissue which derives from the neuroepithelium of the neural tube and the mesenchymal core whose origins are more diverse. Choroid plexuses produce most of the CSF through multiple molecular systems that are differentially expressed during development. This could account for the difference in CSF synthesis during fetal and postnatal periods. The regulation of choroid plexus functions is complex and involves both a nervous facet and an endocrine control. Choroid plexuses secrete trophic factors for the nervous system, and their role in development is more complex than simply producing CSF. The ependyma forms the layer that borders the ventricular cavities. It is a tissue composed of several cellular types: ependimocytes (multiciliated cells), tanycytes, CSF-contacting neurons, supraependymal cells, and superficial nerves. Ependymal cells are produced by radial glial cells. They undergo a long process of maturation characterized by the development of numerous motile cilia on their apical surface and the loss of intercellular junctions which made them impermeable. This maturation process occurs in the postnatal phase in mice and in fetal life in humans. During development, if two ependymal surfaces come into contact, they adhere to one another and can fuse. Ventricular coarctations, intra-thalamic adherence, and spinal canal regression proceed according to these processes. This phenomenon could also account for the neuropathological aspects observed in forking of the mesencephalic aqueduct. The apical cilia of ependymal cells produce superficial fluid currents. It seems that in humans the forces that generate the movement of the CSF are rather the pulsations of the choroid plexus and the movements of the ventricular walls. The morphogenesis of the roof of the fourth ventricle is still ill-understood in humans. One should be very cautious before interpreting the malformations affected this anatomical area in humans. The histology of the meninges has benefited from electron microscopy studies which have made it possible to better understand the organization of these tissues. The spinal and brainstem meninges are derived from the mesoderm, while the meninges of the skull vault originate from the neural crest. Concerning the base of the skull, the situation is more complex. The meninges situated rostrally to the hypophysis derive from the crest, while those situated posteriorly come from mesoderm. Meninges play trophic roles on the nervous system: induction of glia limitans, participation in basal lamina formation, cell proliferation, but also cell migration and prevention of overmigration. Vessels that supply the cerebral parenchyma are not as permeable as other body vessels, leading to the concept of a blood-brain barrier. This barrier is induced by the nervous tissue and is not an intrinsic property of the vessels. The results of the study of the ontogeny of this barrier are contradictory because of the techniques used and the artifacts they can generate. This subject remains an open topic even if it seems that the blood-brain barrier is established much earlier than what was previously admitted. However, a process of maturing this barrier during development is more than likely. The barrier between the blood and the CSF sits at several levels. The main barrier is located at the level of epithelial cells. It seems also likely that this barrier is established very early during development. Reabsorption of the CSF involves several systems. Their respective roles and their ontogenesis are very poorly known in humans. It appears, however, that arachnoid villi begin to appear during fetal life.
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References
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Catala, M. (2019). Development of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathways during Embryonic and Fetal Life in Humans. In: Cinalli, G., Ozek, M., Sainte-Rose, C. (eds) Pediatric Hydrocephalus. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31889-9_2-2
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Original
Development of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathways during Embryonic and Fetal Life in Humans- Published:
- 18 September 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31889-9_2-1