Skip to main content

Race, Arrest, and Sentencing as Social Policy

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance
  • 125 Accesses

Definition

Social policy, a subset of public policy, is “a course of government action or inaction” regarding social issues via “formally approved goals and means, as well as the regulations and practices of agencies that implement programs” (Kraft and Furlong 2013).

Not to be confused with public policy, social policy is limited to policy influencing the course of human lives, improving a citizen’s well-being and action on issues affecting their welfare.

Public policy moves beyond solving social issues and as Thomas Dye explains is what government chooses to do or not. This choice is made on issues that may or may not affect a person directly. Those issues include but are not limited to tax, environmental, or international policy. Though they eventually affect a person’s welfare, tax or environmental policy is not directly connected to it. Thus, all social policy is public policy, but not all public policy is social policy.

Social policy is focused on policy formulation and...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams J (1851) The plan. In: Adams J, Adams CF (eds) The works of John Adams, second President of the United States: V. 4, vol IV. Little, Brown, Boston, p 194

    Google Scholar 

  • American Civil Liberties Union (2014) Racial disparities in sentencing: hearing on report of racism in the justice system of the United States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/141027_iachr_racial_disparities_aclu_submission_0.pdf

  • Beckett K (2008) Race and drug law enforcement in Seattle. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/race20and20drug20law20enforcement20in20seattle_20081.pdf

  • Beckett K, Nyrop K, Pfingst L (2006) Race, drugs, and policing: understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology 44(1):105–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjornstrom EES, Kaufman R (2010) Race and ethnic representation of lawbreakers and victims in crime news: a national study of television coverage. Soc Probl 57(2):269–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown MK, Carnoy M, Currie E, Duster T, Oppenheimer D, Shultz M, Wellman D (2005) Whitewashing race: the myth of a color-blind society. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson EA (2015) Prisoners in 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickersin J (2014) #CrimingWhileWhite explodes on Twitter Following Eric Garner decision. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/03/criming-while-white-hashtag_n_6265480.html

  • Dixon T, Linz D (2000) Overrepresentation and underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as lawbreakers on television. J Commun 50(2):131–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eith C, Durose M (2011) Contacts between police and the public, 2008. U.S. Department of Justice/Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Frase RS (2013) Research on race and sentencing: goals, methods, and topics. Justice Q 30(2):262–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghandnoosh N, Lewis C (2014) Race and punishment: racial perceptions of crime and support for punitive policies. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project. Retrieved from http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Race-and-Punishment.pdf

  • Goff PJ (2014) The essence of innocence: consequences of dehumanizing Black children. J Pers Soc Psychol 106(4):526–545. doi:10.1037/a0035663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office (1990) Death penalty sentencing: research indicates pattern of racial disparities. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office. doi:GGD-90-57

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge P (2012) Foundations of classical sociological theory: functionalism, conflict and action. Pearson, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaeble D, Glaze L, Tsoutis A, Minton T (2015) Correctional populations in the United States, 2014. United States Department of Justice/Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus14.pdf

  • Kraft ME, Furlong SR (2013) Public policy: politics, analysis, and alternatives (Vol. 4th Edition). Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • Massachusetts Constitution (1780) Part The First, art. XXX

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauer M, King R (2007) A 25-year quagmire: the war on drugs and its impact on American society. The Sentencing Project, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustard D (2001) Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: evidence from the federal courts. J Law Econ XLIV:285–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nellis A, Greene J, Mauer M (2012) Reducing racial disparity in the criminal justice system. The Sentencing Project, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacock A (ed) (2010) Freedom and the rule of law. Lexington Books, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett J, Chiricos T, Golden K, Gertz M (2012) Reconsidering the relationship between perceived neighborhood racial composition and Whites' perceptions of victimization risk: do racial sterotypes matter? Criminology 50(1):145–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter ND (2015) The state of sentencing 2015: developments in policy and practice. The Sentencing Project, Avocacy. The Sentencing Project, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Project WJ (2015) World justice project. Retrieved Feb 2016, from http://worldjusticeproject.org/what-rule-law

  • Reed J (2016) Marijuana legalization in Colorado: early findings. Colorado Department of Public Safety, Denver

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith T (2011) Neutrality isn ’t neutral: on the value-neutrality of the rule of law. Wash Univ Jurisprud Rev 4(1):49–95

    Google Scholar 

  • The Sentencing Project (2013) Report of the sentencing project to the United Nations Human Rights Committee regarding racial disparities in the United States criminal justice system. The Sentencing Project, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Sentencing Commission (2012) U. S. Sentencing Commission's 2012 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved from http://www.ussc.gov/research/2015-sourcebook/archive/sourcebook-2012

  • United States Constitution. amend. VI

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Justice (2016) Corrections. Retrieved May 2016, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=1

  • Wing N (2014) When the media treats white suspects and killers better than black victims. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/media-black-victims_n_5673291.html

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carmela F. Staten .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Staten, C.F. (2016). Race, Arrest, and Sentencing as Social Policy. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2639-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2639-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31816-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics