Introduction: A Historical and Comparative Perspective
Perhaps our colleagues, superiors, or subordinates all constantly rate us subconsciously. Yet, despite this inevitable tendency, a formal performance appraisal is not very well understood and often poorly managed in some well-respected organizations. Administration of performance appraisals can involve emotions and is one of the difficult aspects of managerial and supervisory responsibilities
Records show that formal appraisal systems existed as early as the third century A.D. At that time, the Chinese bureaucracy engaged in a form of performance appraisal practice in which an imperial rater evaluated the emperor’s official family members and servants on a nine-grade system based on his likes and dislikes. In Europe, formal appraisals began around 1800 in the cotton mills of Scotland. Then, workers were rated according to color tags, white for...
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Otenyo, E. (2016). Performance Audits and Performance Appraisals. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2455-1
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