Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Medulloblastomas

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery

  • 275 Accesses

Abstract

Medulloblastomas are embryonal cerebellar tumors and the most common central nervous system malignancies in children. While progress in clinical management dramatically improved outcomes for what was once a uniformly fatal disease, the prognosis for children with metastatic or recurrent medulloblastoma remains poor despite intensive multimodal therapy. As we reach a limit of effect and toxicities with conventional therapies, a new understanding of medulloblastoma biology has emerged, paving the way for the next generation of clinical trials. Current consensus identifies four medulloblastoma entities – WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 – with distinct clinical presentations, genetic and molecular features, responses to therapy, and patterns of relapse. The first prospective studies designed to deliver subgroup-specific treatment are underway and hold the promise of better survival outcomes and fewer long-term toxicities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amlashi SF, Riffaud L, Brassier G, Morandi X (2003) Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: relation with desmoplastic medulloblastoma in infancy. A population-based study and review of the literature. Cancer 98(3):618–624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey P, Cushing H (1926) A classification of the tumors of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis with a correlated study of prognosis. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouffet E, Bernard JL, Frappaz D, Gentet JC, Roche H, Tron P, Carrie C, Raybaud C, Joannard A, Lapras C et al (1992) M4 protocol for cerebellar medulloblastoma: supratentorial radiotherapy may not be avoided. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24(1):79–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdeaut F, Miquel C, Richer W, Grill J, Zerah M, Grison C, Pierron G, Amiel J, Krucker C, Radvanyi F, Brugieres L, Delattre O (2014) Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome predisposing to non-WNT, non-SHH, group 3 medulloblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61(2):383–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chi SN, Gardner SL, Levy AS, Knopp EA, Miller DC, Wisoff JH, Weiner HL, Finlay JL (2004) Feasibility and response to induction chemotherapy intensified with high-dose methotrexate for young children with newly diagnosed high-risk disseminated medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 22(24):4881–4887

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhri AF, Klimo P Jr, Auschwitz TS, Whitehead MT, Boop FA (2014) 3T intraoperative MRI for management of pediatric CNS neoplasms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(12):2382–2387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen BH, Geyer JR, Miller DC, Curran JG, Zhou T, Holmes E, Ingles SA, Dunkel IJ, Hilden J, Packer RJ, Pollack IF, Gajjar A, Finlay JL, Children’s Oncology Group (2015) Pilot study of intensive chemotherapy with peripheral hematopoietic cell support for children less than 3 years of age with malignant brain tumors, the CCG-99703 phase I/II study. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Neurol 53(1):31–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eran A, Ozturk A, Aygun N, Izbudak I (2010) Medulloblastoma: atypical CT and MRI findings in children. Pediatr Radiol 40(7):1254–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans AE, Jenkin RD, Sposto R, Ortega JA, Wilson CB, Wara W, Ertel IJ, Kramer S, Chang CH, Leikin SL et al (1990) The treatment of medulloblastoma. Results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone. J Neurosurg 72(4):572–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman P, McClugage S 3rd, Naftel R, Griessenauer CJ, Ditty BJ, Agee BS, Riva-Cambrin J, Wellons J 3rd (2013) Validation and modification of a predictive model of postresection hydrocephalus in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 12(3): 220–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, Kellie S, Kun LE, Merchant TE, Woo S, Wheeler G, Ahern V, Krasin MJ, Fouladi M, Broniscer A, Krance R, Hale GA, Stewart CF, Dauser R, Sanford RA, Fuller C, Lau C, Boyett JM, Wallace D, Gilbertson RJ (2006) Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 7(10):813–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gandola L, Massimino M, Cefalo G, Solero C, Spreafico F, Pecori E, Riva D, Collini P, Pignoli E, Giangaspero F, Luksch R, Berretta S, Poggi G, Biassoni V, Ferrari A, Pollo B, Favre C, Sardi I, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F (2009) Hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy in the Milan strategy for metastatic medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 27(4):566–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber NU, von Hoff K, von Bueren AO, Treulieb W, Deinlein F, Benesch M, Zwiener I, Soerensen N, Warmuth-Metz M, Pietsch T, Mittler U, Kuehl J, Kortmann RD, Grotzer MA, Rutkowski S (2012) A long duration of the prediagnostic symptomatic interval is not associated with an unfavourable prognosis in childhood medulloblastoma. Eur J Cancer 48(13):2028–2036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer JR, Sposto R, Jennings M, Boyett JM, Axtell RA, Breiger D, Broxson E, Donahue B, Finlay JL, Goldwein JW, Heier LA, Johnson D, Mazewski C, Miller DC, Packer R, Puccetti D, Radcliffe J, Tao ML, Shiminski-Maher T, Children’s Oncology Group (2005) Multiagent chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy in infants with malignant brain tumors: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 23(30):7621–7631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giangaspero F, Perilongo G, Fondelli MP, Brisigotti M, Carollo C, Burnelli R, Burger PC, Garre ML (1999) Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity: a variant with favorable prognosis. J Neurosurg 91(6):971–977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giangaspero F, Wellek S, Masuoka J, Gessi M, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2006) Stratification of medulloblastoma on the basis of histopathological grading. Acta Neuropathol 112(1):5–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grill J, Sainte-Rose C, Jouvet A, Gentet JC, Lejars O, Frappaz D, Doz F, Rialland X, Pichon F, Bertozzi AI, Chastagner P, Couanet D, Habrand JL, Raquin MA, Le Deley MC, Kalifa C, French Society of Paediatric (2005) Treatment of medulloblastoma with postoperative chemotherapy alone: an SFOP prospective trial in young children. Lancet Oncol 6(8):573–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin EC, Watson DM, George SL (2001) Duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis is related inversely to presenting disease stage in children with medulloblastoma. Cancer 91(8): 1444–1450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, Papadopoulos N, Jen J, Powell SM, Krush AJ, Berk T, Cohen Z, Tetu B et al (1995) The molecular basis of Turcot’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 332(13):839–847

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakacki RI, Burger PC, Zhou T, Holmes EJ, Kocak M, Onar A, Goldwein J, Mehta M, Packer RJ, Tarbell N, Fitz C, Vezina G, Hilden J, Pollack IF (2012) Outcome of children with metastatic medulloblastoma treated with carboplatin during craniospinal radiotherapy: a Children’s Oncology Group Phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 30(21):2648–2653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahalley LS, Ris MD, Grosshans DR, Okcu MF, Paulino AC, Chintagumpala M, Moore BD, Guffey D, Minard CG, Stancel HH, Mahajan A (2016) Comparing intelligence quotient change after treatment with proton versus photon radiation therapy for pediatric brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 34(10):1043–1049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korah MP, Esiashvili N, Mazewski CM, Hudgins RJ, Tighiouart M, Janss AJ, Schwaibold FP, Crocker IR, Curran WJ Jr, Marcus RB Jr (2010) Incidence, risks, and sequelae of posterior fossa syndrome in pediatric medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77(1):106–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Kuhl J, Timmermann B, Mittler U, Urban C, Budach V, Richter E, Willich N, Flentje M, Berthold F, Slavc I, Wolff J, Meisner C, Wiestler O, Sorensen N, Warmuth-Metz M, Bamberg M (2000) Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT ’91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46(2):269–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafay-Cousin L, Smith A, Chi SN, Wells E, Madden J, Margol A, Ramaswamy V, Finlay J, Taylor MD, Dhall G, Strother D, Kieran MW, Foreman NK, Packer RJ, Bouffet E (2016) Clinical, pathological, and molecular characterization of infant medulloblastomas treated with sequential high-dose chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 63(9):1527–1534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lannering B, Rutkowski S, Doz F, Pizer B, Gustafsson G, Navajas A, Massimino M, Reddingius R, Benesch M, Carrie C, Taylor R, Gandola L, Bjork-Eriksson T, Giralt J, Oldenburger F, Pietsch T, Figarella-Branger D, Robson K, Forni M, Clifford SC, Warmuth-Metz M, von Hoff K, Faldum A, Mosseri V, Kortmann R (2012) Hyperfractionated versus conventional radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy in standard-risk medulloblastoma: results from the randomized multicenter HIT-SIOP PNET 4 trial. J Clin Oncol 30(26):3187–3193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CT, Riva-Cambrin JK (2015) Management of posterior fossa tumors and hydrocephalus in children: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 31(10):1781–1789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P, Ellison DW (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 131(6): 803–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morfouace M, Shelat A, Jacus M, Freeman BB, Turner D 3rd, Robinson S, Zindy F, Wang YD, Finkelstein D, Ayrault O, Bihannic L, Puget S, Li XN, Olson JM, Robinson GW, Guy RK, Stewart CF, Gajjar A, Roussel MF (2014) Pemetrexed and gemcitabine as combination therapy for the treatment of Group3 medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 25(4):516–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissy AS, Garzia L, Shih DJ, Zuyderduyn S, Huang X, Skowron P, Remke M, Cavalli FM, Ramaswamy V, Lindsay PE, Jelveh S, Donovan LK, Wang X, Luu B, Zayne K, Li Y, Mayoh C, Thiessen N, Mercier E, Mungall KL, Ma Y, Tse K, Zeng T, Shumansky K, Roth AJ, Shah S, Farooq H, Kijima N, Holgado BL, Lee JJ, Matan-Lithwick S, Liu J, Mack SC, Manno A, Michealraj KA, Nor C, Peacock J, Qin L, Reimand J, Rolider A, Thompson YY, Wu X, Pugh T, Ally A, Bilenky M, Butterfield YS, Carlsen R, Cheng Y, Chuah E, Corbett RD, Dhalla N, He A, Lee D, Li HI, Long W, Mayo M, Plettner P, Qian JQ, Schein JE, Tam A, Wong T, Birol I, Zhao Y, Faria CC, Pimentel J, Nunes S, Shalaby T, Grotzer M, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Li XN, Bendel AE, Fults DW, Walter AW, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Collins VP, Cho YJ, Hoffman C, Lyden D, Wisoff JH, Garvin JH Jr, Stearns DS, Massimi L, Schuller U, Sterba J, Zitterbart K, Puget S, Ayrault O, Dunn SE, Tirapelli DP, Carlotti CG, Wheeler H, Hallahan AR, Ingram W, MacDonald TJ, Olson JJ, Van Meir EG, Lee JY, Wang KC, Kim SK, Cho BK, Pietsch T, Fleischhack G, Tippelt S, Ra YS, Bailey S, Lindsey JC, Clifford SC, Eberhart CG, Cooper MK, Packer RJ, Massimino M, Garre ML, Bartels U, Tabori U, Hawkins CE, Dirks P, Bouffet E, Rutka JT, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Collier LS, Dupuy AJ, Korshunov A, Jones DT, Kool M, Northcott PA, Pfister SM, Largaespada DA, Mungall AJ, Moore RA, Jabado N, Bader GD, Jones SJ, Malkin D, Marra MA, Taylor MD (2016) Divergent clonal selection dominates medulloblastoma at recurrence. Nature 529(7586):351–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon-Emre I, Bouffet E, Taylor MD, Laperriere N, Scantlebury N, Law N, Spiegler BJ, Malkin D, Janzen L, Mabbott D (2014) Impact of craniospinal dose, boost volume, and neurologic complications on intellectual outcome in patients with medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 32(17): 1760–1768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon-Emre I, Taylor MD, Bouffet E, Hardy K, Campen CJ, Malkin D, Hawkins C, Laperriere N, Ramaswamy V, Bartels U, Scantlebury N, Janzen L, Law N, Walsh KS, Mabbott DJ (2016) Intellectual outcome in molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 34:4161–4170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Gajjar A, Vezina G, Rorke-Adams L, Burger PC, Robertson PL, Bayer L, LaFond D, Donahue BR, Marymont MH, Muraszko K, Langston J, Sposto R (2006) Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 24(25):4202–4208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson E, Farr RF (1953) Cerebellar medulloblastoma: treatment by irradiation of the whole central nervous system. Acta Radiol 39(4):323–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perreault S, Ramaswamy V, Achrol AS, Chao K, Liu TT, Shih D, Remke M, Schubert S, Bouffet E, Fisher PG, Partap S, Vogel H, Taylor MD, Cho YJ, Yeom KW (2014) MRI surrogates for molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(7):1263–1269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Bouffet E, Faria CC, Perreault S, Cho YJ, Shih DJ, Luu B, Dubuc AM, Northcott PA, Schuller U, Gururangan S, McLendon R, Bigner D, Fouladi M, Ligon KL, Pomeroy SL, Dunn S, Triscott J, Jabado N, Fontebasso A, Jones DT, Kool M, Karajannis MA, Gardner SL, Zagzag D, Nunes S, Pimentel J, Mora J, Lipp E, Walter AW, Ryzhova M, Zheludkova O, Kumirova E, Alshami J, Croul SE, Rutka JT, Hawkins C, Tabori U, Codispoti KE, Packer RJ, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Taylor MD (2013) Recurrence patterns across medulloblastoma subgroups: an integrated clinical and molecular analysis. Lancet Oncol 14(12):1200–1207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Shih D, Wang X, Northcott PA, Faria CC, Raybaud C, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Rutka J, Taylor MD, Bouffet E (2014) Duration of the pre-diagnostic interval in medulloblastoma is subgroup dependent. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61(7):1190–1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Adamski J, Bartels U, Tabori U, Wang X, Huang A, Hawkins C, Mabbott D, Laperriere N, Taylor MD, Bouffet E (2016a) Medulloblastoma subgroup-specific outcomes in irradiated children: who are the true high-risk patients? Neuro-Oncology 18(2): 291–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Bouffet E, Bailey S, Clifford SC, Doz F, Kool M, Dufour C, Vassal G, Milde T, Witt O, von Hoff K, Pietsch T, Northcott PA, Gajjar A, Robinson GW, Padovani L, Andre N, Massimino M, Pizer B, Packer R, Rutkowski S, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Pomeroy SL (2016b) Risk stratification of childhood medulloblastoma in the molecular era: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol 131(6):821–831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raybaud C, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, Laughlin S (2015) Posterior fossa tumors in children: developmental anatomy and diagnostic imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 31(10):1661–1676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieken S, Mohr A, Habermehl D, Welzel T, Lindel K, Witt O, Kulozik AE, Wick W, Debus J, Combs SE (2011) Outcome and prognostic factors of radiation therapy for medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81(3):e7-e13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riva-Cambrin J, Detsky AS, Lamberti-Pasculli M, Sargent MA, Armstrong D, Moineddin R, Cochrane DD, Drake JM (2009) Predicting postresection hydrocephalus in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3(5):378–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson PL, Muraszko KM, Holmes EJ, Sposto R, Packer RJ, Gajjar A, Dias MS, Allen JC, Children’s Oncology Group (2006) Incidence and severity of postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome in children with medulloblastoma: a prospective study by the Children’s Oncology Group. J Neurosurg 105(Suppl 6):444–451

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson GW, Orr BA, Wu G, Gururangan S, Lin T, Qaddoumi I, Packer RJ, Goldman S, Prados MD, Desjardins A, Chintagumpala M, Takebe N, Kaste SC, Rusch M, Allen SJ, Onar-Thomas A, Stewart CF, Fouladi M, Boyett JM, Gilbertson RJ, Curran T, Ellison DW, Gajjar A (2015) Vismodegib exerts targeted efficacy against recurrent sonic hedgehog-subgroup medulloblastoma: results from phase II pediatric brain tumor consortium studies PBTC-025B and PBTC-032. J Clin Oncol 33(24):2646–2654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudin CM, Hann CL, Laterra J, Yauch RL, Callahan CA, Fu L, Holcomb T, Stinson J, Gould SE, Coleman B, LoRusso PM, Von Hoff DD, de Sauvage FJ, Low JA (2009) Treatment of medulloblastoma with hedgehog pathWeway inhibitor GDC-0449. N Engl J Med 361(12): 1173–1178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, Ottensmeier H, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Graf N, Emser A, Pietsch T, Wolff JE, Kortmann RD, Kuehl J (2005) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med 352(10):978–986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider C, Ramaswamy V, Kulkarni AV, Rutka JT, Remke M, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Bouffet E, Taylor MD (2015) Clinical implications of medulloblastoma subgroups: incidence of CSF diversion surgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr 15(3):236–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shih DJ, Northcott PA, Remke M, Korshunov A, Ramaswamy V, Kool M, Luu B, Yao Y, Wang X, Dubuc AM, Garzia L, Peacock J, Mack SC, Wu X, Rolider A, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FM, Jones DT, Zitterbart K, Faria CC, Schuller U, Kren L, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Shin Ra Y, Garami M, Hauser P, Chan JA, Robinson S, Bognar L, Klekner A, Saad AG, Liau LM, Albrecht S, Fontebasso A, Cinalli G, De Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cooper MK, Thompson RC, Bailey S, Lindsey JC, Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Michiels EM, Scherer SW, Phillips JJ, Gupta N, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Vibhakar R, Eberhart CG, Fouladi M, Lach B, Jung S, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Fevre-Montange M, Jouvet A, Jabado N, Pollack IF, Weiss WA, Lee JY, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, de Torres C, Lavarino C, Mora J, Cho YJ, Tabori U, Olson JM, Gajjar A, Packer RJ, Rutkowski S, Pomeroy SL, French PJ, Kloosterhof NK, Kros JM, Van Meir EG, Clifford SC, Bourdeaut F, Delattre O, Doz FF, Hawkins CE, Malkin D, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Bouffet E, Rutka JT, Pfister SM, Taylor MD (2014) Cytogenetic prognostication within medulloblastoma subgroups. J Clin Oncol 32(9): 886–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith MJ, Beetz C, Williams SG, Bhaskar SS, O’Sullivan J, Anderson B, Daly SB, Urquhart JE, Bholah Z, Oudit D, Cheesman E, Kelsey A, McCabe MG, Newman WG, Evans DG (2014) Germline mutations in SUFU cause Gorlin syndrome-associated childhood medulloblastoma and redefine the risk associated with PTCH1 mutations. J Clin Oncol 32(36):4155–4161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smoll NR, Drummond KJ (2012) The incidence of medulloblastomas and primitive neurectodermal tumours in adults and children. J Clin Neurosci 19(11):1541–1544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton LN, Phillips PC, Molloy PT (1996) Surgical management of medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 29(1):9–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tait DM, Thornton-Jones H, Bloom HJ, Lemerle J, Morris-Jones P (1990) Adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: the first multi-centre control trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I). Eur J Cancer 26(4):464–469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Liu L, Raffel C, Hui CC, Mainprize TG, Zhang X, Agatep R, Chiappa S, Gao L, Lowrance A, Hao A, Goldstein AM, Stavrou T, Scherer SW, Dura WT, Wainwright B, Squire JA, Rutka JT, Hogg D (2002) Mutations in SUFU predispose to medulloblastoma. Nat Genet 31(3):306–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RE, Bailey CC, Robinson KJ, Weston CL, Ellison D, Ironside J, Lucraft H, Gilbertson R, Tait DM, Saran F, Walker DA, Pizer BL, Lashford LS, United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group Brain Tumour, International Society of Paediatric (2004) Impact of radiotherapy parameters on outcome in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group PNET-3 study of preradiotherapy chemotherapy for M0-M1 medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(4):1184–1193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Remke M, Cho YJ, Clifford SC, Eberhart CG, Parsons DW, Rutkowski S, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Lichter P, Gilbertson RJ, Pomeroy SL, Kool M, Pfister SM (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol 123(4):465–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terterov S, Krieger MD, Bowen I, McComb JG (2010) Evaluation of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid cytology in staging pediatric medulloblastomas, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6(2):131–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PR, Deutsch M, Kepner JL, Boyett JM, Krischer J, Aronin P, Albright L, Allen JC, Packer RJ, Linggood R, Mulhern R, Stehbens JA, Langston J, Stanley P, Duffner P, Rorke L, Cherlow J, Friedman HS, Finlay JL, Vietti TJ, Kun LE (2000) Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard-dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation. J Clin Oncol 18(16): 3004–3011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson EM, Hielscher T, Bouffet E, Remke M, Luu B, Gururangan S, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Lipp ES, Perreault S, Cho YJ, Grant G, Kim SK, Lee JY, Rao AA, Giannini C, Li KK, Ng HK, Yao Y, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Low DC, Seow WT, Chang KT, Mora J, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Leary S, Moore AS, Ingram WJ, Hallahan AR, Jouvet A, Fevre-Montange M, Vasiljevic A, Faure-Conter C, Shofuda T, Kagawa N, Hashimoto N, Jabado N, Weil AG, Gayden T, Wataya T, Shalaby T, Grotzer M, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Kren L, Hortobagyi T, Klekner A, Laszlo B, Pocza T, Hauser P, Schuller U, Jung S, Jang WY, French PJ, Kros JM, van Veelen ML, Massimi L, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Vibhakar R, Chambless LB, Cooper MK, Thompson RC, Faria CC, Carvalho A, Nunes S, Pimentel J, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Lopez-Aguilar E, Lyden D, Garzia L, Shih DJ, Kijima N, Schneider C, Adamski J, Northcott PA, Kool M, Jones DT, Chan JA, Nikolic A, Garre ML, Van Meir EG, Osuka S, Olson JJ, Jahangiri A, Castro BA, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Moxon-Emre I, Mabbott DJ, Lassaletta A, Hawkins CE, Tabori U, Drake J, Kulkarni A, Dirks P, Rutka JT, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Packer RJ, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD (2016) Prognostic value of medulloblastoma extent of resection after accounting for molecular subgroup: a retrospective integrated clinical and molecular analysis. Lancet Oncol 17(4):484–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich NH, Burkhardt JK, Serra C, Bernays RL, Bozinov O (2012) Resection of pediatric intracerebral tumors with the aid of intraoperative real-time 3-D ultrasound. Childs Nerv Syst 28(1):101–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vivekanandan S, Breene R, Ramanujachar R, Traunecker H, Pizer B, Gaze MN, Saran F, Thorp N, English M, Wheeler KA, Michalski A, Walker DA, Saunders D, Cowie F, Cameron A, Picton SV, Parashar D, Horan G, Williams MV (2015) The UK experience of a treatment strategy for pediatric metastatic medulloblastoma comprising intensive induction chemotherapy, hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy and response directed high dose myeloablative chemotherapy or maintenance chemotherapy (Milan strategy). Pediatr Blood Cancer 62(12): 2132–2139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yock TI, Yeap BY, Ebb DH, Weyman E, Eaton BR, Sherry NA, Jones RM, MacDonald SM, Pulsifer MB, Lavally B, Abrams AN, Huang MS, Marcus KJ, Tarbell NJ (2016) Long-term toxic effects of proton radiotherapy for paediatric medulloblastoma: a phase 2 single-arm study. Lancet Oncol 17(3):287–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    A. S. Guerreiro Stucklin, C. M. Kuzan-Fischer & Michael D. Taylor

  2. The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    A. S. Guerreiro Stucklin, C. M. Kuzan-Fischer & Michael D. Taylor

  3. Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    A. S. Guerreiro Stucklin

  4. Department of Surgery and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Michael D. Taylor

  5. Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Michael D. Taylor

Authors
  1. A. S. Guerreiro Stucklin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. M. Kuzan-Fischer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael D. Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael D. Taylor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany

    Concezio Di Rocco

  2. Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, California, USA

    Dachling Pang

  3. University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    James T. Rutka

Section Editor information

  1. The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, USA

    James Thomas Rutka

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Stucklin, A.S.G., Kuzan-Fischer, C.M., Taylor, M.D. (2018). Medulloblastomas. In: Di Rocco, C., Pang, D., Rutka, J. (eds) Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31512-6_91-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31512-6_91-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31512-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31512-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation