Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric Hypertension pp 277–303Cite as

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Methodology and Norms in Children

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

  • 1196 Accesses

Abstract

Over the last decades, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has become a method of choice for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of arterial hypertension in adult and pediatric patients. ABPM allows a more representative observation of blood pressure throughout day and night in a nonmedical environment compared to office blood pressure measurements as well as assessment of the circadian and even ultradian blood pressure variability. ABPM provides ability to detect white coat and masked hypertension, a better reproducibility of measurements and superior prediction of target organ damage. The use, interpretation, and limitations of ABPM in children and adolescents will be discussed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Abbreviations

ABPM:

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

BP:

Blood pressure

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CV:

Cardiovascular

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

HTN:

Hypertension

MAP:

Mean arterial blood pressure

MH:

Masked hypertension

OBP:

Office (or casual) blood pressure measurement

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

TOD:

Target organ damage

WCH:

White coat hypertension

References

  • 2013 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): ESH/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension (2013) J Hypertens 31(10):1925–1938

    Google Scholar 

  • Amoore JN (2012) Oscillometric sphygmomanometers: a critical appraisal of current technology. Blood Press Monit 17(2):80–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong C, Joint National (2014) JNC8 guidelines for the management of hypertension in adults. Am Fam Physician 90(7):503–504

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/American National Standards Institute (2002) Manual, electronic or automated shygmomanometers. ANSI/AAMI, Arlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell CS, Poffenbarger TS, Samuels JA (2011) Ambulatory blood pressure status in children: comparing alternate limit sources. Pediatr Nephrol 26(12):2211–2217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotman DJ, Davidson MB, Boumitri M, Vidt DG (2008) Impaired diurnal blood pressure variation and all-cause mortality. Am J Hypertens 21:92–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotons C, Singh P, Nishio T, Labarthe DR (1989) Blood pressure by age in childhood and adolescents: a review of 129 surveys worldwide. Int J Epidemiol 18(4):824–829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri A, Sutherland SM, Begin B, Salsbery K, McCabe L, Potter D, Alexander SR, Wong CJ (2011) Role of twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children on dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(4):870–876

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black DL, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ (2003) The seventh report of the joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289(19):2560–2571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole TJ, Green PJ (1992) Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood. StatMed 11:1305–1319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuspidi C, Macca G, Sampieri L, Fusi V, Severgnini B, Michev I, Salerno M, Magrini F, Zanchetti A (2001) Target organ damage and non-dipping pattern defined by two sessions of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in recently diagnosed essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 19:1539–1545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis ML, Ferguson MA, Zachariah JP (2014) Clinical predictors and impact of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pediatric hypertension referrals. J Am Soc Hypertens 8(9):660–667

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Man SA, André JL, Bachmann HJ, Grobbee DE, Ibsen KK, Laaser U, Lippert P, Hofmann A (1991) Blood pressure in childhood: pooled findings of six European studies. J Hypertens 9:109–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F (2007) High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation 116(13):1488–1496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eissa MA, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ (2001) Comparison of the actigraph versus patients’ diary information in defining circadian time periods for analyzing ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data. Blood Pres Monit 6:21–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger LM, Freeman K, DiMartino-Nardi JR, Flynn JT (2005) Microalbuminuria and abnormal ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 147:67–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan HQ, Li Y, Thijs L, et al. (2010) Prognostic value of isolated nocturnal hypertension on ambulatory measurement in 8711 individuals from 10 populations. J Hypertens 28(10):2036–2045

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flechtner-Mors M, Neuhauser H, Reinehr T, Roost HP, Wiegand S, Siegfried W, Zwiauer K, Molz E, Holl RW, APV initiative, the BCNO (2015) Blood pressure in 57,915 pediatric patients who are overweight or obese based on five reference systems. Am J Cardiol 115(11):1587–1594

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT (2002) Differentiation between primary and secondary hypertension in children using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Pediatrics 110:89–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT (2011) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children: imperfect yet essential. Pediatr Nephrol 26(12):2089–2094

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT, Daniels SR, Hayman LL et al. (2014) Update: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 63(5):1116–1135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al (2017) Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 140(3):e20171904

    Google Scholar 

  • Furusawa EA, Filho UD, Junior DM, Koch VH (2011) Home and ambulatory blood pressure to identify white coat and masked hypertension in the pediatric patient. Am J Hypertens 24(8):893–897

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gellermann J, Kraft S, Ehrich JH (1997) Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in young children. Pediatr Nephrol 11(6):707–710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gimpel C, Wuhl E, Arbeiter K, Drozdz D, Trivelli A, Charbit M, Gellermann J, Dusek J, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Schaefer F, ESCAPE Trial Group (2009) Superior consistency of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children: implications for clinical trials. J Hypertens 27(8):1568–1574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustavsen PH, Hoegholm A, Bang LE, Kristensen KS (2003) White coat hypertension is a cardiovascular risk factor: a 10-year follow-up study. J Hum Hypertens 17(12):811–817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadtstein C, Wühl E, Soergel M, Witte K, Schaefer F (2004) Normative values for circadian and ultradian cardiovascular rhythms in childhood. Hypertension 43(3):547–554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halberg F, Johnson EA, Nelson W, Runge W, Sothern R (1972) Autorhythmometry: procedures for physiologic self-assessments and their analysis. Physiol Teacher 1:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Harshfield GA, Alpert BS, Pulliam DA, Somes GW, Wilson DK (1994) Ambulatory blood pressure recordings in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 94(2):180–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homma S, Ishii T, Malcom GT, Zieske AW, Strong JP, Tsugane S, Hirose N (2001) Histopathological modifications of early atherosclerotic lesions by risk factors – findings in PDAY subjects. Atherosclerosis 156(2):389–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC Jr, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT Jr, Narva AS, Ortiz E (2014) 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 311(5):507–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Venn A, Dwyer T, Burns TL, Davis PH, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Daniels SR, Kahonen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Berenson GS, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT (2010) Influence of age on associations between childhood risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study, the Bogalusa Heart Study, and the Muscatine Study for the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. Circulation 122(24):2514–2520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jurko A Jr, Minarik M, Jurko T, Tonhajzerova I (2016) White coat hypertension in pediatrics. Ital J Pediatr 42:4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavey RE, Kveselis DA, Atallah N, Smith FC (2007) White coat hypertension in childhood: evidence for end-organ effect. J Pediatr 150:491–497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King-Schultz L, Weaver AL, Cramer CH (2012) Correlation of blood pressure readings from 6-hour intervals with the daytime period of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pediatric patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 14(6):396–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koivistoinen T, Hutri-Kahonen N, Juonala M, Aatola H, Koobi T, Lehtimaki T, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, Kahonen M (2011) Metabolic syndrome in childhood and increased arterial stiffness in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Ann Med 43(4):312–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kollias A, Dafni M, Poulidakis E, Ntineri A, Stergiou GS (2014) Out-of-office blood pressure and target organ damage in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 32(12):2315–2331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lande MB, Meagher CC, Fisher SG, Belani P, Wang H, Rashid M (2008) Left ventricular mass index in children with white coat hypertension. J Pediatr 153(1):50–54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Kim JH, Kang MJ, Lee YA, Won Yang S, Shin CH (2011) Implications of nocturnal hypertension in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34(10):2180–2185

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leung LC, Ng DK, Lau MW, Chan CH, Kwok KL, Chow PY, Cheung JM (2006) Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP in snoring children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 130:1009–1017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung AA, Nerenberg K, Daskalopoulou SS, et al. (2016) Hypertension Canada’s 2016 Canadian hypertension education program guidelines for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 32(5):569–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Li S, Ulusoy E, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (2004) Childhood adiposity as a predictor of cardiac mass in adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. Circulation 110:3488–3492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Thijs L, Boggia J, Asayama K, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Ohkubo T, Jeppesen J, Torp-Pedersen C, Dolan E, Kuznetsova T, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Tikhonoff V, Malyutina S, Casiglia E, Nikitin Y, Lind L, Sandoya E, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Filipovsky J, Imai Y, Ibsen H, O’Brien E, Wang J, Staessen JA, International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes I (2014) Blood pressure load does not add to ambulatory blood pressure level for cardiovascular risk stratification. Hypertension 63(5):925–933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litwin M, Niemirska A, Ruzicka M, Feber J (2009) White coat hypertension in children: not rare and not benign? J Am Soc Hypertens 3(6):416–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litwin M, Simonetti GD, Niemirska A, Ruzicka M, Wuhl E, Schaefer F, Feber J (2010) Altered cardiovascular rhythmicity in children with white coat and ambulatory hypertension. Pediatr Res 67(4):419–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Takahashi H, Morita Y, Maruyama S, Mizuno M, Yuzawa Y, Watanabe M, Toriyama T, Kawahara H, Matsuo S (2003) Non-dipping is a potent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is associated with autonomic dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplantat 18:563–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubrano R, Paoli S, Spiga S, Falsaperla R, Vitaliti G, Gentile I, Elli M (2015) Impact of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on the diagnosis of hypertension in children. J Am Soc Hypertens 9(10):780–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Redon J, Liao Y, Tacons J, Cooper RS, Alvarez V (1994) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive children. J Hypertens 12:1417–1423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Cremades B, Rodriguez C, Torro MI, Alvarez V, Redon J (1999) Factors related to quality of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a pediatric population. Am J Hypertens 12:929–933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, Pascual JM, Tacons J, Alvarez V, Batlle D (2002) Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 347:797–805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Sorof JM, Daniels SR (2004) Clinical and research aspects of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children. J Pediatr 144:7–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Torro I, Alvarez V, Nawrot T, Paya R, Redon J, Staessen J (2005) Prevalence, persistence and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth. Hypertension 45:493–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK et al. (2016) 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 34(10):1887–1920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka S, Kawamura K, Honda M, Awazu M (2002) White coat effect and white coat hypertension in pediatric patients. Pediatr Nephrol 17:950–953

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGlothan KR, Wyatt RJ, Ault BH, Hastings MC, Rogers T, DiSessa T, Jones DP (2006) Predominance of nocturnal hypertension in pediatric renal allograft recipients. Pediatr Transplant 10(5):558–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menghetti E, Virdis R, Strambi M, Patriarca V, Riccioni MA, Fossali E, Spagnolo A (1999) Blood pressure in childhood and adolescents: the Italian normal standards. J Hypertens 17:1363–1372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsnefes M, Flynn J, Cohn S, Samuels J, Blydt-Hansen T, Saland J, Kimball T, Furth S, Warady B (2010) Masked hypertension associates with left ventricular hypertrophy in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:137–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsnefes MM, Pierce C, Flynn J, Samuels J, Dionne J, Furth S, Warady B, for the CKiD Study Group (2016) Can office blood pressure readings predict masked hypertension? Pediatr Nephrol 31(1):163–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents (1996) Update on the 1987 task force report on high blood pressure in children and adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Pediatrics 98(4):649–658

    Google Scholar 

  • National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2004) The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114:555–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brian EPJ, Little W, de Swiet M, Padfield P, Altman D, Bland M, Coats A, Atkins N (1993) The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens 11(suppl 2):S43–S62

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Flynn AM, Madden JM, Russell AJ, Curtin RJ, Kearney PM (2015) Isolated nocturnal hypertension and subclinical target organ damage: a systematic review of the literature. Hypertens Res 38(8):570–575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan JJ, Derrick G, Griggs P, Foxall R, Aitkin M, Wren C (1999) Ambulatory blood pressure in schoolchildren. Arch Dis Child 80:529–532

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michima M, Matsubara M, Hashimoto J, Hoshi H, Araki T, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y (2002) Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 20(11):2183–2189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palatini P, Mormino P, Canali C, Santonastaso M, De Venuto G, Zanata G, Pessina AC (1994) Factors affecting ambulatory blood pressure reproducibility: results of the HARVEST trial: hypertension and ambulatory recording Venetia study. Hypertension 23:211–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pall D, Juhasz M, Lengyel S, Molnar C, Paragh G, Fulesdi B, Katona E (2010) Assessment of target-organ damage in adolescent white-coat and sustained hypertensives. J Hypertens 28(10):2139–2144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parati G, Faini A, Valentini M (2006) Blood pressure variability: its measurement and significance in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 8:199–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parati G, Stergiou G, O’Brien E et al. (2014) European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 32(7):1359–1366

    Google Scholar 

  • Park MK, Menard SW, Yuang C (2001) Comparison of auscultatory and oscillometric blood pressures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155:50–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R (1989) The prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressures. JAMA 249:2792–2798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering T (2002) Future developments in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and self-blood pressure monitoring in clinical practice. Blood Pres Monit 7:21–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ et al. (2005) Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 45:142–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Portman RJ, Yetman RJ, West MS (1991) Efficacy of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children. J Pediatr 118:842–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prisant LM, Bottini PB, Carr AA (1996) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: methodologic issues. Am J Nephrol 16:190–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redon J, Plancha E, Swift PA, Pons S, Munoz J, Martinez F (2010) Nocturnal blood pressure and progression to end-stage renal disease or death in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4. J Hypertens 28(3):602–607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert H, Lindinger A, Frey O, Mortzeck J, Kiefer J, Busch C, Hoffmann W (1995) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in healthy schoolchildren. Pediatr Nephrol 9:282–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reusz GS, H¢bor M, Tulassay T, Sallay P, MiltÇny M (1994) 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in healthy and hypertensive children. Arch Dis Child 70:90–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B (2013) Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988–2008. Hypertension

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucki S, Feber J (2001) Repeated ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in adolescents with mild hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 16:911–915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels J, Ng D, Flynn JT, Mitsnefes M, Poffenbarger T, Warady BA, Furth S, Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study G (2012) Ambulatory blood pressure patterns in children with chronic kidney disease. Hypertension 60(1):43–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saner C, Simonetti GD, Wuhl E, Mullis PE, Janner M (2016) Circadian and ultradian cardiovascular rhythmicity in obese children. Eur J Pediatr 175(8):1031–1038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer F, Doyon A, Azukaitis K et al. (2016) Cardiovascular phenotypes in children with CKD: the 4C study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12(1):19–28

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smulyan H, Safar ME (2011) Blood pressure measurement: retrospective and prospective views. Am J Hypertens 24(6):628–634

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soergel M, Kirschstein M, Busch C, Danne T, Gellermann J, Holl R, Krull F, Reichert H, Reusz GS, Rascher W (1997) Oscillometric twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure values in healthy children and adolescents: a multicenter trial including 1141 subjects. J Pediatr 130:178–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Portman R (2001) Evaluation of white coat hypertension in children: importance of the definitions of normal ambulatory blood pressure and the severity of casual hypertension. Am J Hypertens 14:855–860

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorof JM, Cardwell G, Franco K, Portman RJ (2002a) Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular mass index in hypertensive children. Hypertension 39:903–908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Bernard L, Portman RJ (2002b) Isolated systolic hypertension, obesity and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children. J Pediatr 140:660–666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Toumanidis S, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N (2005) White-coat and masked hypertension in children: association with target-organ damage. Pediatr Nephrol 20(8):1151–1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Amery A (1993) Fourier analysis of blood pressure profiles. Am J Hypertens 6(6 Pt 2):184S–187S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard B, O’Brien ET, Clement D, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Nachev C, Palatini P, Parati G, Tuomilehto J, Webster J (1999) Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 282:539–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton A, Cox J, Atkins N, O’Malley K, O’Brian E (1992) Cumulative sums in quantifying circadian blood pressure patterns. Hypertension 19(1):93–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Yiannes NG, Rarra VC, Panagiotakos DB (2007) Home blood pressure normalcy in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study. J Hypertens 25:1375–1379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sulakova T, Janda J, Cerna J, Janstova V, Sulakova A, Slany J, Feber J (2009) Arterial HTN in children with T1DM – frequent and not easy to diagnose. Pediatr Diabetes 10(7):441–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Török K, Palfi A, Szelenyi Z, Molnar D (2008) Circadian variability of blood pressure in obese children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18(6):429–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tracy RE, Newman WP 3rd, Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Strong JP, Berenson GS (1995) Histologic features of atherosclerosis and hypertension from autopsies of young individuals in a defined geographic population: the Bogalusa heart study. Atherosclerosis 116(2):163–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urbina E, Alpert B, Flynn J, Hayman L, Harshfield GA, Jacobson M, Mahoney L, McCrindle B, Mietus-Snyder M, Steinberger J, Daniels S (2008) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 52:433–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Steen MS, Lenders JW, Graafsma SI, den Arend J, Thien T (1999) Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in daily practice. J Human Hypertens 13:303–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varda NM, Gregoric A (2005) Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Nephrol 20:798–802

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB (1994) The use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of racial differences in blood pressure. J Cardiovasc Risk 1(2):132–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verberk WJ, Kessels AG, de Leeuw PW (2008) Prevalence, causes and consequences of masked hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 21:369–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YC, Koval AM, Nakamura M, Newman JD, Schwartz JE, Stone PW (2013) Cost-effectiveness of secondary screening modalities for hypertension. Blood Press Monit 18(1):1–7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ward A, Hansen P (1984) Accuracy and reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure recorder measurements during rest and excercise. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • White WB, Dey HM, Schulman P (1989a) Assessment of the daily blood pressure load as a determinant of cardiac function in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am Heart J 118:782–795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White WB, Schulman P, McCabe EJ, Dey HM (1989b) Average daily blood pressure, not office blood pressure, determines cardiac function in patients with hypertension. JAMA 261:873–877

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witte K, Weissesr K, Neubeck M, Mutschler E, Lehmann K, Hopf R, Lemmer B (1993) Cardiovascular effects, pharmacokinetics, and converting enzyme inhibition of enalapril after morning versus evening administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 54:177–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenstetter A, Simonetti GD, Poschl J, Schaefer F, Wühl E (2012) Altered cardiovascular rhythmicity in children born small for gestational age. Hypertension 60(3):865–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wühl E, Witte K, Soergel M, Mehls O, Schaefer F, German Working Group on Pediatric H (2002) Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 20(10):1995–2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wühl E, Hadtstein C, Mehls O, Schaefer F, Escape Trial Group (2004) Home, clinic, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res 55(3):492–497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wühl E, Hadtstein C, Mehls O, Schaefer F, ESCAPE Trial Group (2005) Ultradian but not circadian blood pressure rhythms correlate with renal dysfunction in children with chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(3):746–754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wühl E, Trivelli A, Picca S et al. (2009) Strict blood pressure control and renal failure progression in children. N Engl J Med 361:1639–1650

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakopoulos NA, Nanas SN, Lekakis JP, Vemmos KN, Kotsis VT, Pitiriga VC, Stamatelopoulos SF, Moulopoulos SD (2001) Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure measurements in essential hypertension. Blood Pres Monit 6:41–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Elke Wühl MD

Authors
  1. Elke Wühl MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elke Wühl MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Seattle Children’s Hospital Division of Nephrology, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn

  2. Division of Nephrology MassGeneral for Children at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA

    Julie R. Ingelfinger

  3. St. Luke’s Health System, Children’s Nephrology and Hypertension, Boise, ID, USA

    Karen M. Redwine

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1 Children's Way, 72202, Little Rock, AR, USA

    Karen M. Redwine MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Wühl, E. (2018). Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Methodology and Norms in Children. In: Flynn, J., Ingelfinger, J., Redwine, K. (eds) Pediatric Hypertension. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31107-4_44

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31107-4_44

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31106-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31107-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation