Abstract
Gait analysis technology has led to an increased understanding of the changes in mobility that contribute to increasing disability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). At all levels of the disease spectrum, changes in joint angles, moments, and muscle activation have been identified, which has lead to the investigation of key impairments that limit functional mobility in people with MS. Comprehensive three-dimensional gait analysis has characterized gait changes that worsen with increasing disability and deteriorate with walking-induced fatigue. This important ability to measure movement performance is resulting in a greater appreciation of the link between movement impairment during gait and its impact on daily functions. This knowledge will hopefully increase our ability to target specific aspects of gait with individualized physical therapy strategies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Amato MP et al (2001) Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the impact of depression, fatigue and disability. Mult Scler 7:340–344
Bakshi R (2003) Fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, impact and management. Mult Scler 9:219–227
Barr C et al (2014) Walking for six minutes increases both simple reaction time and stepping reaction time in moderately disabled people with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 3(4):457–462
Barr CJ et al (2016) Orthotic and therapeutic effect of functional electrical stimulation on fatigue induced gait patterns in people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 0(0):1–13
Benedetti MG et al (1999) Gait abnormalities in minimally impaired multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 5:363–368
Burschka JM et al (2012) An exploration of impaired walking dynamics and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 12:161
Cameron MH et al (2008) Imbalance in multiple sclerosis: a result of slowed spinal somatosensory conduction. Somatosens Mot Res 25:113–122
Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J (2009) Sensory impairments in quiet standing in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15:59–67
Cattaneo D et al (2002) Do static or dynamic AFOs improve balance? Clin Rehabil 16:894–899
Citaker S et al (2011) Relationship between foot sensation and standing balance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Gait Posture 34:275–278
Crenshaw SJ et al (2006) Gait variability in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12:613–619
Dalgas U et al (2014) Aerobic intensity and pacing pattern during the six-minute walk test in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Rehabil Med 46:59–66
Davies BL et al (2015) Neurorehabilitation strategies focusing on ankle control improve mobility and posture in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther 39(4):225–232
Dixon J et al (2014) Effect of textured insoles on balance and gait in people with multiple sclerosis: an exploratory trial. Physiotherapy 100(2):142–149
Dobkin BH (2008) Fatigue versus activity-dependent fatigability in patients with central or peripheral motor impairments. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 22:105–110
Everaert DG et al (2010) Does functional electrical stimulation for foot drop strengthen corticospinal connections? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 24:168–177
Feys P et al (2013) Spatio-temporal gait parameters change differently according to speed instructions and walking history in MS patients with different ambulatory dysfunction. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2(3):238–246. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.01.004
Fisk JD et al (1994) Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clinical Infect Dis 18(Suppl 1):S79–S83
For Clinical Practice Guidelines, M.S.C. & Others (1998) Fatigue and multiple sclerosis: evidence-based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis: clinical practice guidelines. The Council. The Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, in conjunction with the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA). http://www.mscare.org/?page=practice_guidelines
Gijbels D, Eijnde B, Feys P (2011) Comparison of the 2- and 6-minute walk test in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 17:1269–1272
Givon U, Zeilig G, Achiron A (2009) Gait analysis in multiple sclerosis: characterization of temporal-spatial parameters using GAITRite functional ambulation system. Gait Posture 29:138–142
Goldman MD, Marrie RA, Cohen JA (2008) Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls. Mult Scler 14:383–390
Güner S et al (2015) Knee muscle strength in multiple sclerosis: relationship with gait characteristics. J Phys Ther Sci 27(3):809–813
Hadjimichael O, Vollmer T, Oleen-Burkey M (2008) Fatigue characteristics in multiple sclerosis: the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes 6:100
Heesen C et al (2008) Patient perception of bodily functions in multiple sclerosis: gait and visual function are the most valuable. Mult Scler 14:988–991
Hemmett L et al (2004) What drives quality of life in multiple sclerosis? QJM 97:671–676
Huisinga JM et al (2011) Is there a relationship between fatigue questionnaires and gait mechanics in persons with multiple sclerosis? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92:1594–1601
Huisinga JM et al (2012) Gait mechanics are different between healthy controls and patients with multiple. J Appl Biomech 2012 Human Kinetics, p 2
Hutchinson B et al (2009) Toward a consensus on rehabilitation outcomes in MS: gait and fatigue. Int J MS Care 11:67–78
Kalron A, Givon U (2016) Gait characteristics according to pyramidal, sensory and cerebellar EDSS subcategories in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8200-6
Karpatkin H, Rzetelny A (2012) Effect of a single bout of intermittent versus continuous walking on perceptions of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis. Int J Care 14:124–131
Kasser SL et al (2011) A prospective evaluation of balance, gait, and strength to predict falling in women with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840497
Kehoe M et al (2014) Predictors of the physical impact of multiple sclerosis following community-based, exercise trial. Multiple Scler 10:1352458514549395
Kelleher KJ, Spence W et al (2010a) The characterisation of gait patterns of people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 32:1242–1250
Kelleher KJ, Spence WD et al (2010b) The effect of textured insoles on gait patterns of people with multiple sclerosis. Gait Posture 32:67–71
Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C (2012) Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 18:914–924
Kuo AD, Donelan JM, Ruina A (2005) Energetic consequences of walking like an inverted pendulum: step-to-step transitions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33:88–97
Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444–1452
Kutzelnigg A et al (2007) Widespread demyelination in the cerebellar cortex in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 17:38–44
LaRocca NG (2011) Impact of walking impairment in multiple sclerosis. Patient 4:189–201
Lizama LEC et al (2016) The use of laboratory gait analysis for understanding gait deterioration in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 22(14):1768–1776
Lizrova Preiningerova J et al (2015) Spatial and temporal characteristics of gait as outcome measures in multiple sclerosis (EDSS 0 to 6.5). J Neuroeng Rehabil 12(1):1–7
Martin CL et al (2006) Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability. Mult Scler 12:620–628
Matsuda PN et al (2011) Falls in multiple sclerosis. PM & R J Inj funct Rehabil 3:624–632, quiz 632
McGibbon CA (2003) Toward a better understanding of gait changes with age and disablement: neuromuscular adaptation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 31(2):102–108
McLoughlin JV et al (2014) Dorsiflexion assist orthosis reduces the physiological cost and mitigates deterioration in strength and balance associated with walking in people with multiple sclerosis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999314010703
McLoughlin JV et al (2014b) Six minutes of walking leads to reduced lower limb strength and increased postural sway in people with multiple sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation 35(3):503–508
McLoughlin J et al (2015) Association of postural sway with disability status and cerebellar dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Int J MS Care 17(3):146–151
McLoughlin JV et al (2016) Fatigue induced changes to kinematic and kinetic gait parameters following six minutes of walking in people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 38(6):535–543
Morgante F et al (2011) Is central fatigue in multiple sclerosis a disorder of movement preparation? J Neurol 258:263–272
Morris ME et al (2002) Changes in gait and fatigue from morning to afternoon in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:361–365
Motl RW et al (2010) Multiple sclerosis walking Scale-12 and oxygen cost of walking. Gait Posture 31:506–510
Motl RW, Sandroff BM et al (2012a) Energy cost of walking and its association with gait parameters, daily activity, and fatigue in persons with mild multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 26:1015–1021
Motl RW, Suh Y et al (2012b) Evidence for the different physiological significance of the 6-and 2-minute walk tests in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 12:6
Ng AV et al (2004) Functional relationships of central and peripheral muscle alterations in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 29:843–852
Pau M et al (2015) Effect of spasticity on kinematics of gait and muscular activation in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 358(1–2):339–344
Paul L et al (2008) The effect of functional electrical stimulation on the physiological cost of gait in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14:954–961
Phan-Ba R et al (2012) Motor fatigue measurement by distance-induced slow down of walking speed in multiple sclerosis. PloS One 7:e34744
Pike J et al (2012) Social and economic burden of walking and mobility problems in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 12:94
Pilutti LA et al (2012) Further validation of multiple sclerosis walking scale-12 scores based on spatiotemporal gait parameters. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
Prosperini L et al (2011) The relationship between infratentorial lesions, balance deficit and accidental falls in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 304:55–60
Prosperini L, Petsas N et al (2013a) Balance deficit with opened or closed eyes reveals involvement of different structures of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 20(1):81–90. doi: 10.1177/1352458513490546
Prosperini L, Sbardella E et al (2013a) Multiple sclerosis: white and gray matter damage associated with balance deficit detected at static posturography. Radiology 268:181–189
Ramdharry GM et al (2006) De-stabilizing and training effects of foot orthoses in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12:219–226
Ramstrand N, Ramstrand S (2010) AAOP state-of-the-science evidence report: the effect of ankle-foot orthoses on balance—a systematic review. J Prosthet Orthot 22:P4–P23
Remelius JG et al (2012) Gait impairments in persons with multiple sclerosis across preferred and fixed walking speeds. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 93(9):1637–1642. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.019
Rougier P et al (2007) What compensatory motor strategies do patients with multiple sclerosis develop for balance control? Rev Neurol 163:1054–1064
Sandroff BM et al (2014) Comparing two conditions of administering the six-minute walk test in people with multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care 16:48–54
Sandroff BM, Pilutti LA, Motl RW (2015) Does the six-minute walk test measure walking performance or physical fitness in persons with multiple sclerosis? NeuroRehabilitation 37(1):149–155
Savci S et al (2005) Six-minute walk distance as a measure of functional exercise capacity in multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 27:1365–1371
Schubert M et al (1998) Walking and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: the role of the corticospinal system. Muscle Nerve 21:1068–1070
Scott SM et al (2013) Quantification of gait kinematics and walking ability of people with multiple sclerosis who are new users of functional electrical stimulation. J Rehabil Med 45:364–369
Sehle A et al (2014) Objective assessment of motor fatigue in multiple sclerosis: the Fatigue index Kliniken Schmieder (FKS). J Neurol 261(9):1752–1762
Sheffler LR et al (2008) Functional effect of an ankle foot orthosis on gait in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 87:26
Sheffler LR et al (2009) Neuroprosthetic effect of peroneal nerve stimulation in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90:362–365
Smith MM, Arnett PA (2005) Factors related to employment status changes in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 11:602–609
Sosnoff JJ, Shin S, Motl RW (2010) Multiple sclerosis and postural control: the role of spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91:93–99
Sosnoff JJ et al (2011a) Influence of spasticity on mobility and balance in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther 35:129–132
Sosnoff JJ et al (2011b) Mobility, balance and falls in persons with multiple sclerosis. PloS One 6:e28021
Sosnoff JJ, Sandroff BM, Motl RW (2012) Quantifying gait abnormalities in persons with multiple sclerosis with minimal disability. Gait Posture 36(1):154–156. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.027
Taylor PN et al (1999) Clinical use of the Odstock dropped foot stimulator: its effect on the speed and effort of walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80:1577–1583
Thickbroom GW et al (2006) Central motor drive and perception of effort during fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 253:1048–1053
Thickbroom GW et al (2008) Enhanced corticomotor excitability with dynamic fatiguing exercise of the lower limb in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 255:1001–1005
Thoumie P, Mevellec E (2002) Relation between walking speed and muscle strength is affected by somatosensory loss in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:313–315
Thoumie P et al (2005) Motor determinants of gait in 100 ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 11:485–491
Trisolini M et al (2010) Global economic impact of multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis International Federation London, United Kingdom [Online]
van der Linden ML et al (2014) Habitual functional electrical stimulation therapy improves gait kinematics and walking performance, but not patient-reported functional outcomes, of people with multiple sclerosis who present with foot-drop. PloS One 9:e103368
Wagner JM et al (2014) Plantarflexor weakness negatively impacts walking in persons with multiple sclerosis more than plantarflexor spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95(7):1358–1365. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.030
Yahia A et al (2011) Relationship between muscular strength, gait and postural parameters in multiple sclerosis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 54:144–155
Zackowski KM et al (2009) Sensorimotor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and column-specific magnetization transfer-imaging abnormalities in the spinal cord. Brain J Neurol 132:1200–1209
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
McLoughlin, J. (2016). Gait and Multiple Sclerosis. In: Müller, B., et al. Handbook of Human Motion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_65-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_65-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30808-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering