Skip to main content

How People View Patriotism: The Evidences from Cross-National Surveys

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 520 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter demonstrates how cross-national surveys can be used to examine how lay people view patriotism across countries. Using data from four cross-national surveys across dozens of countries, it evinces levels of national pride and the contexts in which these are higher, namely, in countries whose citizens are worse off. In societies that form part of the globalized community, enjoy more income equality, and are not subject to the threat of terror or external conflict, national pride levels appear to be lower. Analyzing public views of patriotism, it seems that it is viewed more positively than negatively in nearly all the countries. Majorities, nonetheless, held more positive views of patriotism than minorities. The majority/minority variation was directly associated with inclusive policies, minorities in more exclusive countries tending to view patriotism more negatively than those in more inclusive countries. The benefits of using cross-national surveys to discuss patriotism must be viewed in the light of their inherent limitations. These are thus also identified and explained.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Ariely G (2017) Why does patriotism prevail? Contextual explanations of patriotism across countries. Identities Glob Stud Cult Power 24:351–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariely G (2018) Evaluations of patriotism across countries, groups, and policy domains. J Ethn Migr Stud 44(3):462–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banting KG, Kymlicka W (2015) The political sources of solidarity in diverse societies. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No 2015/73

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank T, Schmidt P (2003) National identity in a united Germany: nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Polit Psychol 24(2):289–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer MB (2001) The many faces of social identity: implications for political psychology. Polit Psychol 22(1):115–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker R (2004) In the name of the nation: reflections on nationalism and patriotism 1. Citizsh Stud 8(2):115–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook-Huffman C (2009) The role of identity in conflict. In: Sandole D, Byrne S, Sandole-Staroste I, Senehi J (eds) Handbook in conflict analysis and resolution. Routledge, New York, pp 19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Darden K, Mylonas H (2016) Threats to territorial integrity, national mass schooling, and linguistic commonality. Comp Pol Stud 49(11):1446–1479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Figueiredo RJ, Elkins Z (2003) Are patriots bigots? An inquiry into the vices of in-group pride. Am J Polit Sci 47(1):171–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Rooij EA, Reeskens T, Wright M (2011) Does pride in One’s nation foster participation? On the causal linkage between national pride and political engagement. Paper presented at the 6th European Consortium for Political Research’s General Conference, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 25–27 August 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkins Z, Sides J (2007) Can institutions build unity in multiethnic states? Am Polit Sci Rev 101:693–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangl K, Torgler B, Kirchler E (2015) Patriotism's impact on cooperation with the state: An experimental study on tax compliance. Polit Psychol 37(6):867–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T (1986) The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: a terror management theory. Public Self Private Self 189:212

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfeld L, Eastwood J (2007) National identity. In: Boix C, Stokes SC (eds) The oxford handbook of comparative politics. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp 256–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Guibernau M (2001) Globalization and the nation-state. In: Guibernau M, Hutchinson J (eds) Understanding nationalism. Polity Press, Cambridge, pp 242–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas J (1995) Citizenship and national identity: some reflections on the future of Europe. In: Beiner R (ed) Theorizing citizenship. State University of New York Press, New York, pp 255–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath A, Fisher S, Smith S (2005) The globalization of public opinion research. Annu Rev Polit Sci 8:297–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm E (1992) Nations and nationalism since 1780. Cambridge University Press, New York/Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe M, de Vroome T (2015) How does the majority public react to multiculturalist policies? A comparative analysis of European countries. Am Behav Sci 59(6):747–768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hox JJ (2010) Multilevel analysis: techniques and applications, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Huddy L, Khatib N (2007) American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. Am J Polit Sci 51(1):63–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koopmans R (2013) Indices of immigrant rights: what have we learned, where should we go? Comp Eur Polit 11(5):696–703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korostelina KV (2007) Social identity and conflict: structures, dynamics, and implications. Palgrave Macmillan, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Latcheva R (2011) Cognitive interviewing and factor-analytic techniques: a mixed method approach to validity of survey items measuring national identity. Qual Quant 45(6):1175–1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meitinger K (2018) What does the general national pride item measure? Insights from web probing. Int J Comp Sociol 59(5–6):428–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller D (1995) On nationality. Clarendon Press, Oxford England

    Google Scholar 

  • Moaddel M, Tessler M, Inglehart R (2008) Foreign occupation and national pride: the case of Iraq. Public Opin Q 72(4):677–705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller JE (1973) War, presidents, and public opinion. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller JW (2007) Constitutional patriotism. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Mylonas H (2013) The politics of nation-building: making co-nationals, refugees, and minorities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris P (2009) The globalization of comparative public opinion research. In: Robinson N, Landman T (eds) Handbook of comparative politics. Sage, London, pp 522–540

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum MC (2002) Patriotism and cosmopolitanism. In: Nussbaum MC, Cohen JJ (eds) For love of country. Beacon, Boston, pp 2–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Papademetriou DG, Kober U (eds) (2012) Rethinking national identity in the age of migration. Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski T, Jeff G, Sheldon S (2003) In the Wake of 9/11: The Psychology of Terror. W.A ed. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeskens T, Wright M (2014) Host-country patriotism among European immigrants: a comparative study of its individual and societal roots. Ethn Racial Stud 37(14):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapountzis A (2008) Towards a critical social psychological account of national sentiments: patriotism and nationalism revisited. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 2(1):34–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut DJ (2011) Americanism in the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlueter E, Meuleman B, Davidov E (2013) Immigrant integration policies and perceived group threat: a multilevel study of 27 western and eastern European countries. Soc Sci Res 42(3):670–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shayo M (2009) A model of social identity with an application to political economy: nation, class, and redistribution. Am Polit Sci Rev 103(2):147–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius J et al (1997) The interface between ethnic and national attachment: ethnic pluralism or ethnic dominance? Public Opin Q 61(1):102–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnott R (2006) An evaluation of the measurement of national, subnational and supranational identity in cross national surveys. Int J Public Opin Res 18(2):211–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TW, Kim S (2006) National pride in comparative perspective: 1995/96 and 2003/04. Int J Public Opin Res 18(1):127–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TH, Schapiro S (2015) A compilation of documents used to develop the national identity III questionnaire for the International Social Survey Program in 2014. NORC, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Solt F (2011) Diversionary nationalism: economic inequality and the formation of national pride. J Polit 73(03):821–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staerklé CC, Sidanius J, Green EGT, Molina LE (2010) Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry in national attitudes around the world: a multilevel analysis. Polit Psychol 31(4):491–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly C (1992) Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990–1992. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkuyten M, Yildiz AA (2007) National (dis) identification and ethnic and religious identity: a study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 33(10):1448–1462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weldon SA (2006) The institutional context of tolerance for ethnic minorities: a comparative, multilevel analysis of western Europe. Am J Polit Sci 50(2):331–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wimmer A (2013) Ethnic boundary making: institutions, power, networks. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wimmer A (2017) Power and pride: national identity and ethnopolitical inequality around the world. World Polit 69(4):605–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright M (2011) Policy regimes and normative conceptions of nationalism in mass public opinion. Comp Pol Stud 44(5):598–624

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gal Ariely .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ariely, G. (2019). How People View Patriotism: The Evidences from Cross-National Surveys. In: Sardoc, M. (eds) Handbook of Patriotism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30534-9_55-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30534-9_55-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30534-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30534-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Religion and PhilosophyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities

Publish with us

Policies and ethics