Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation pp 1–27Cite as

Electrochemical Techniques, Impedance, and Spectroscopy

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for characterizing a wide range of electrochemical systems. It is based on the application of a small amplitude, alternating current signal to the systems, and therefore is considered a non-destructive technique. This chapter begins with a brief introduction of the fundamentals of EIS, then focuses on instrumentation characteristics, especially the various electrode configurations, and finally discusses the wide applications of EIS in corrosion studies. The applications of EIS in the following corrosion topics are reviewed: atmospheric corrosion, corrosion in concrete, coatings and films, inhibitors, high-temperature corrosion, oil and gas industry-related corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. For each application, besides the review of the capability of EIS, typical equivalent circuit models are also highlighted. In some applications, the limitations of EIS measurements are also pointed out.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Allahar KN, Su Q, Bierwagen GP, Lee D (2008) Monitoring of the AC-DC-AC degradation of organic coatings using embedded electrodes. Corrosion 64:773–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allahar K, Su Q, Bierwagen G (2010) Non-substrate EIS monitoring of organic coatings with embedded electrodes. Prog Org Coat 67:180–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amand S, Musiani M, Orazem ME et al (2013) Constant-phase-element behavior caused by inhomogeneous water uptake in anti-corrosion coatings. Electrochim Acta 87:693–700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong RD, Jenkins ATA, Johnson BW (1995) An investigation into the UV breakdown of thermoset polyester coatings using impedance spectroscopy. Corros Sci 37:1615–1625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asakura Y, Karasawa H, Sakagami M, Uchida S (1989) Relationships between corrosion behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel in high-temperature pure water and its oxide film structures. Corrosion 45:119–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aung NN, Liu X (2012) High temperature electrochemical sensor for in situ monitoring of hot corrosion. Corros Sci 65:1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aung NN, Liu X (2013) Effect of SO2 in flue gas on coal ash hot corrosion of Inconel 740 alloy – a high temperature electrochemical sensor study. Corros Sci 76:390–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aung NN, Liu X (2014) Effect of temperature on coal ash hot corrosion resistance of Inconel 740 superalloy. Corros Sci 82:227–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaunier L, Epelboin I, Lestrade JC, Takenouti H (1976) Etude electrochimique, et par microscopie electronique a balayage, du fer recouvert de peinture. Surf Technol 4:237–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellucci F, Nicodemo L (1993) Water transport in organic coatings. Corrosion 49:235–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betova I, Bojinov M, Kinnunen P et al (2006) Composition, structure, and properties of corrosion layers on ferritic and austenitic steels in ultrasupercritical water. J Electrochem Soc 153:B464–B473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betova I, Bojinov M, Kinnunen P et al (2007) Surface film electrochemistry of austenitic stainless steel and its main constituents in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 43:333–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betova I, Bojinov M, Karastoyanov V et al (2012) Effect of water chemistry on the oxide film on alloy 690 during simulated hot functional testing of a pressurised water reactor. Corros Sci 58:20–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bian C, Wang ZM, Han X et al (2015) Electrochemical response of mild steel in ferrous ion enriched and CO2 saturated solutions. Corros Sci 96:42–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierwagen GP, He L, Li J et al (2000) Studies of a new accelerated evaluation method for coating corrosion resistance – thermal cycling testing. Prog Org Coat 39:67–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierwagen GP, Wang X, Tallman DE (2003) In situ study of coatings using embedded electrodes for ENM measurements. Prog Org Coat 46:163–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bojinov M, Karastoyanov V, Kinnunen P, Saario T (2010) Influence of water chemistry on the corrosion mechanism of a zirconium-niobium alloy in simulated light water reactor coolant conditions. Corros Sci 52:54–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bojinov M, Nowak E, Saario T et al (2014) Effect of chloride on the oxides on low-alloyed steel in conditions of a light water reactor pressure vessel cladding flaw. J Electrochem Soc 161:C177–C187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonora PL, Deflorian F, Fedrizzi L (1996) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a tool for investigating underpaint corrosion. Electrochim Acta 41:1073–1082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch RW (2005) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the detection of stress corrosion cracks in aqueous corrosion systems at ambient and high temperature. Corros Sci 47:125–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch RW, Moons F, Zheng JH, Bogaerts WF (2001) Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for monitoring stress corrosion cracking. Corrosion 57:532–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brasher DM, Kingsbury AH (1954) Electrical measurements in the study of immersed paint coatings on metal. I. Comparison between capacitance and gravimetric methods of estimating water-uptake. J Appl Chem 4:62–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton N, Thompson GE, Turgoose S (1993) An electrochemical investigation of the development of phosphate conversion coatings. Corros Sci 35:1297–1303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpintero-Moreno EJ, Gonzalez-Rodriguez JG, Uruchurtu-Chavarín J et al (2013) Detection of stress corrosion cracking in a dual-phase steel using electrochemical noise and impedance spectroscopy. Corrosion 69:85–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castela AS, Simões AM (2003a) Water sorption in freestanding PVC films by capacitance measurements. Prog Org Coat 46:130–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castela AS, Simões AM (2003b) An impedance model for the estimation of water absorption in organic coatings. Part II: a complex equation of mixture. Corros Sci 45:1647–1660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castela AS, Simões AM (2003c) An impedance model for the estimation of water absorption in organic coatings. Part I: a linear dielectric mixture equation. Corros Sci 45:1631–1646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castela ASL, Simões AM, Ferreira MGS (2000) E.I.S. Evaluation of attached and free polymer films. Prog Mater Sci 38:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Q, Song S, Song L, Hou B (2013) Effect of relative humidity on the initial atmospheric corrosion behavior of zinc during drying. J Electrochem Soc 160:C380–C389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi Y-S, Kim J-G (2005) A galvanic sensor for monitoring the corrosion damage of buried pipelines: part 1 – electrochemical tests to determine the correlation of probe current to actual corrosion damage in synthetic groundwater. Corrosion 61:293–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi Y-S, Kim J-G, Yang SJ (2006) A galvanic sensor for monitoring the corrosion damage of buried pipelines: part 2 – correlation of sensor output to actual corrosion damage of pipeline in soil and tap water environments. Corrosion 62:522–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi Y-S, Kim J-G, Koo J-Y (2007) A galvanic sensor for monitoring the corrosion damage of buried pipelines: part 3 – correlation of probe current to cathodic protection and stray current. Corrosion 63:951–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen BJ, Coverdale RT, Olson RA et al (1994) Impedance spectroscopy of hydrating cement-based materials: measurement, interpretation, and application. J Am Ceramic Soc 77:2789–2804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper K, Smith M, Budiansky N, Scully J (2006) Development of a multi-electrode array impedance analyzer for corrosion science and sensors. CORROSION/2006 Conference, NACE International, Paper no. 00674

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis GD, Rich MJ, Drzal LT (2004) Monitoring moisture uptake and delamination in CFPR reinforced concrete structures with electrochemical impedance sensors. J Nondestruct Eval 23:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Levie R (1963) On porous electrodes in electrolyte solutions. Electrochim Acta 8:751–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deflorian F, Fedrizzi L, Bonora PL (1996) Influence of the photo-oxidative degradation on the water barrier and corrosion protection properties of polyester paints. Corros Sci 38:1697–1708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deflorian F, Fedrizzi L, Rossi S, Bonora PL (1999) Organic coating capacitance measurement by EIS: ideal and actual trends. Electrochim Acta 44:4243–4249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhouibi L, Triki E, Raharinaivo A (2002) The application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to determine the long-term effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete. Cem Concr Compos 24:35–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Döner A, Şahin EA, Kardaş G, Serindaĝ O (2013) Investigation of corrosion inhibition effect of 3-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-amino]-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one on corrosion of mild steel in the acidic medium. Corros Sci 66:278–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling NJE, Guezennec J, Lemoine ML et al (1988) Analysis of carbon steels affected by bacteria using electrochemical impedance and direct current techniques. Corrosion 44:869–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durand-keklikian L, Cragnolino G, Macdonald DD (1991) Technical note: in situ A.C. Impedance studies of oxide film growth on zircaloy-4 in high temperature/high pressure steam. Corros Sci 32:361–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mahdy GA, Kim KB (2004) AC impedance study on the atmospheric corrosion of aluminum under periodic wet-dry conditions. Electrochim Acta 49:1937–1948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mahdy GA, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (2000a) AC impedance study on corrosion of 55%Al-Zn alloy-coated steel under thin electrolyte layers. Corros Sci 42:1509–1521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mahdy GA, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (2000b) Electrochemical corrosion monitoring of galvanized steel under cyclic wet-dry conditions. Corros Sci 42:183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faidi SE, Scantlebury JD, Bullivant P et al (1993) An electrochemical study of zinc-containing epoxy coatings on mild steel. Corros Sci 35:1319–1328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feliu V, González JA, Andrade C, Feliu S (1998a) Equivalent circuit for modelling the steel-concrete interface. I. Experimental evidence and theoretical predictions. Corros Sci 40:975–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feliu V, González JA, Andrade C, Feliu S (1998b) Equivalent circuit for modelling the steel-concrete interface. II. Complications in applying the Stern-Geary equation to corrosion rate determinations. Corros Sci 40:995–1006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng X, Lu X, Zuo Y et al (2016) Electrochemical study the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in mortars under compressive and tensile stresses. Corros Sci 103:66–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foyet A, Wu TH, Kodentsov A et al (2013) Corrosion protection and delamination mechanism of epoxy/carbon black nanocomposite coating on AA2024-T3. J Electrochem Soc 160:C159–C167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frangini S, Loreti S (2006) The role of temperature on the corrosion and passivation of type 310S stainless steel in eutectic (Li + K) carbonate melt. J Power Sources 160:800–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu X, Dong J, Han E, Ke W (2009) A new experimental method for in situ corrosion monitoring under alternate wet-dry conditions. Sensors 9:10400–10410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fulger M, Ohai D, Mihalache M et al (2009) Oxidation behavior of Incoloy 800 under simulated supercritical water conditions. J Nucl Mater 385:288–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fulger M, Mihalache M, Ohai D et al (2011) Analyses of oxide films grown on AISI 304L stainless steel and Incoloy 800HT exposed to supercritical water environment. J Nucl Mater 415:147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao G, Stott FH, Dawson JL, Farreil DM (1990) Electrochemical monitoring of high-temperature molten-salt corrosion. Oxid Met 33:79–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao H, Li Q, Dai Y et al (2010) High efficiency corrosion inhibitor 8-hydroxyquinoline and its synergistic effect with sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate on AZ91D magnesium alloy. Corros Sci 52:1603–1609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves RS, Azambuja DS, Serpa Lucho AM (2002) Electrochemical studies of propargyl alcohol as corrosion inhibitor for nickel, copper, and copper/nickel (55/45) alloy. Corros Sci 44:467–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu P, Fu Y, Xie P, Beaudoin JJ (1994) Characterization of surface corrosion of reinforcing steel in cement paste by low frequency impedance spectroscopy. Cem Concr Res 24:231–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gui F, Kelly RG (2005) Performance assessment and prediction of corrosion prevention compounds with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Corros Sci 61:119–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gusmano G, Labella P, Montesperelli G et al (2006) Study of the inhibition mechanism of imidazolines by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Corrosion 62:576–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamlaoui Y, Pedraza F, Tifouti L (2008) Corrosion monitoring of galvanised coatings through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Corros Sci 50:1558–1566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández M, Genescá J, Uruchurtu J, Barba A (2009) Correlation between electrochemical impedance and noise measurements of waterborne coatings. Corros Sci 51:499–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinderliter BR, Allahar KN, Bierwagen GP et al (2008) Water sorption and diffusional properties of a cured epoxy resin measured using alternating ionic liquids/aqueous electrolytes in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Coat Technol Res 5:431–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama R, Hanuyama S (1991) Electrochemical impedance for degraded coated steel having pores. Corrosion 47:952–958

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschorn B, Orazem ME, Tribollet B et al (2010) Determination of effective capacitance and film thickness from constant-phase-element parameters. Electrochim Acta 55:6218–6227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong S, Harichandran RS (2005) Nondestructive evaluation of CFRP/concrete bond in beams using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Compos Constr 9:515–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu JM, Zhang JQ, Cao CN (2003) Determination of water uptake and diffusion of Cl-ion in epoxy primer on aluminum alloys in NaCl solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Prog Org Coat 46:273–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Dong Z, Chen Z, Guo X (2011) The effects of Cl-ion concentration and relative humidity on atmospheric corrosion behaviour of PCB-Cu under adsorbed thin electrolyte layer. Corros Sci 53:1230–1236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jegdić BV, Bajat JB, Popić JP et al (2011) The EIS investigation of powder polyester coatings on phosphated low carbon steel: the effect of NaNO2 in the phosphating bath. Corros Sci 53:2872–2880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji WG, Hu JM, Zhang JQ, Cao CN (2006) Reducing the water absorption in epoxy coatings by silane monomer incorporation. Corros Sci 48:3731–3739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John DG, Searson PC, Dawson JL (1981) Use of AC impedance technique in studies on steel in concrete in immersed conditions. Br Corros J 16:102–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorcin JB, Aragon E, Merlatti C, Pébère N (2006) Delaminated areas beneath organic coating: a local electrochemical impedance approach. Corros Sci 48:1779–1790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khaled KF, Amin MA (2009) Corrosion monitoring of mild steel in sulphuric acid solutions in presence of some thiazole derivatives – molecular dynamics, chemical and electrochemical studies. Corros Sci 51:1964–1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y-J (2000) In-situ electrochemical impedance measurement of oxide film formed on type 304 stainless steel in high-temperature water. Corrosion 56:389–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella B, Tan YJ, Bailey S (1998) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface characterization techniques to study carbon dioxide corrosion product scales. Corrosion 54:835–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kittel J, Celati N, Keddam M, Takenouti H (2001) New methods for the study of organic coatings by EIS: new insights into attached and free films. Prog Org Coat 41:93–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kittel J, Celati N, Keddam M, Takenouti H (2003) Influence of the coating-substrate interactions on the corrosion protection: characterisation by impedance spectroscopy of the inner and outer parts of a coating. Prog Org Coat 46:135–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koleva DA, de Wit JHW, van Breugel K et al (2007) Investigation of corrosion and cathodic protection in reinforced concrete I. Application of electrochemical techniques. J Electrochem Soc 154:P52–P61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lay P, Lawrence PF, Wilkins JM, Williams DE (1985) An A.C. Impedance study of steel in concrete. J Appl Electrochem 15:755–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Ma Y, Li Y, Wang F (2010) EIS monitoring study of atmospheric corrosion under variable relative humidity. Corros Sci 52:3677–3686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Deng S, Fu H (2011) Benzyltrimethylammonium iodide as a corrosion inhibitor for steel in phosphoric acid produced by dihydrate wet method process. Corros Sci 53:664–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist SA (1985) Theory of dielectric properties of heterogeneous substances applied to water in a paint film. Corrosion 41:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Gu T, Zhang G et al (2016) The effect of magneticfield on biomineralization and corrosion behavior of carbon steel induced by iron-oxidizing bacteria. Corros Sci 102:93–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lokesh KS, De Keersmaecker M, Elia A et al (2012) Adsorption of cobalt (II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-aminophenyl)-porphyrin onto copper substrates: characterization and impedance studies for corrosion inhibition. Corros Sci 62:73–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Cheng Q, Zheng M et al (2015) Monitoring marine atmospheric corrosion by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under various relative humidities. Int J Electrochem Sci 10:10402–10421

    Google Scholar 

  • Macák J, Sajdl P, Kučera P et al (2006) In situ electrochemical impedance and noise measurements of corroding stainless steel in high temperature water. Electrochim Acta 51:3566–3577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald JR (1987) Impedance spectroscopy. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald DD, McKubre MCH, Urquidi-MacDonald M (1988) Theoretical assessment of AC impedance spectroscopy for detecting corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete. Corrosion 44:2–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macedo MCSS, Margarit-Mattos ICP, Fragata FL et al (2009) Contribution to a better understanding of different behaviour patterns observed with organic coatings evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Corros Sci 51:1322–1327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfeld F (1988) Evaluation of anodized aluminum surfaces with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Electrochem Soc 135:828–833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfeld F (1995) Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the study of corrosion protection by polymer coatings. J Appl Electrochem 25:187–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfeld F, Little B (1991) A technical review of electrochemical techniques applied to microbiologically influenced corrosion. Corros Sci 32:247–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfeld F, Tsai CH (1991) Determination of coating deterioration with EIS. I. Basic relationships. Corrosion 47:958–963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markhali BP, Naderi R, Mahdavian M et al (2013) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical noise measurements as tools to evaluate corrosion inhibition of azole compounds on stainless steel in acidic media. Corros Sci 75:269–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin FJ, Cheek GT, O’Grady WE, Natishan PM (2005) Impedance studies of the passive film on aluminium. Corros Sci 47:3187–3201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarter WJ (1996) The A.C. Impedance response of concrete during early hydration. J Mater Sci 31:6285–6292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendonça GLF, Costa SN, Freire VN et al (2017) Understanding the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel and copper in sulphuric acid medium by amino acids using electrochemical techniques allied to molecular modelling methods. Corros Sci 115:41–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mierisch AM, Taylor SR, Celli V (2003) Understanding the degradation of organic coatings through local electrochemical impedance methods. J Electrochem Soc 150:B309–B315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miskovic-Stankovic VB, Dražić DM, Kačarević-Popović Z (1996) The sorption characteristics of epoxy coatings electrodeposited on steel during exposure to different corrosive agents. Corros Sci 38:1513–1523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miszczyk A, Schauer T (2005) Electrochemical approach to evaluate the interlayer adhesion of organic coatings. Prog Org Coat 52:298–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi F, Nickchi T, Attar MM, Alfantazi A (2011) EIS study of potentiostatically formed passive film on 304 stainless steel. Electrochim Acta 56:8727–8733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montemor MF, Simoes AMP, Salta MM, Ferreira MGS (1993) The assessment of the electrochemical behaviour of flyash-containing concrete by impedance spectroscopy. Corros Sci 35:1571–1578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JN, Hack HP (1991) Long-term testing of epoxy-coated steel in ASTM seawater using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Corrosion 47:480–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JN, Hack HP (1992) Testing organic architectural coatings in ASTM synthetic seawater immersion conditions using EIS. Corrosion 48:671–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JN, Moran PJ (1989) Influence of moisture on corrosion of pipeline steel in soils using in situ impedance spectroscopy. Corrosion 45:34–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen VN, Perrin FX, Vernet JL (2005) Water permeability of organic/inorganic hybrid coatings prepared by sol-gel method: a comparison between gravimetric and capacitance measurements and evaluation of non-Fickian sorption models. Corros Sci 47:397–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ni CS, Lu LY, Zeng CL, Niu Y (2011) Electrochemical impedance studies of the initial-stage corrosion of 310S stainless steel beneath thin film of molten (0.62Li,0.38K)2CO3 at 650 °C. Corros Sci 53:1018–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikata A, Ichihara Y, Tsuru T (1995a) An application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to atmospheric corrosion study. Corros Sci 37:897–911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikata A, Yamashita Y, Isatayama H et al (1995b) An electrochemical impedance study on atmospheric corrosion of steels in a cyclic wet-dry condition. Corros Sci 37:2059–2069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikata A, Ichihara Y, Hayashi V, Tsuru T (1997) Influence of electrolyte layer thickness and pH on the initial stage of the atmospheric corrosion of iron. J Electrochem Soc 144:1244–1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikata A, Suzuki F, Tsuru T (2005) Corrosion monitoring of nickel-containing steels in marine atmospheric environment. Corros Sci 47:2578–2588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikata A, Zhu Q, Tada E (2014) Long-term monitoring of atmospheric corrosion at weathering steel bridges by an electrochemical impedance method. Corros Sci 87:80–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oltra R, Keddamt M (1988) Application of impedance technique to localized corrosion. Corros Sci 28:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oskuie AA, Shahrabi T, Shahriari A, Saebnoori E (2012) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of X70 pipeline steel stress corrosion cracking in high pH carbonate solution. Corros Sci 61:111–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan TJ, Lu WM, Ren YJ et al (2009) Electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy (EIS) study of corrosion of steels 12CrMoV and SS304 beneath a molten ZnCl2-KCl film at 400 °C in air. Oxid Met 72:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park JR, Macdonald DD (1983) Impedance studies of the growth of porous magnetite films on carbon steel in high temperature aqueous systems. Corros Sci 23:295–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez C, Collazo A, Izquierdo M et al (1999) Characterisation of the barrier properties of different paint systems. Part I. Experimental set-up and ideal Fickian diffusion. Prog Org Coat 36:102–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petit MC, Cid M, Puiggali M, Amor Z (1990) An impedance study of the passivity breakdown during stress corrosion cracking phenomena. Corros Sci 31:491–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philippe LVS, Lyon SB, Sammon C, Yarwood J (2008) Validation of electrochemical impedance measurements for water sorption into epoxy coatings using gravimetry and infra-red spectroscopy. Corros Sci 50:887–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popov BN, Alwohaibi MA, White RE (1993) Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a tool for organic coating solute saturation monitoring. J Electrochem Soc 140:947–951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popova A, Christov M, Vasilev A (2011) Mono- and dicationic benzothiazolic quaternary ammonium bromides as mild steel corrosion inhibitors. Part II: electrochemical impedance and polarisation resistance results. Corros Sci 53:1770–1777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poupard O, Ait-Mokhtar A, Dumargue P (2003) Impedance spectroscopy in reinforced concrete: experimental procedure for monitoring steel. Part I development of the experimental device. J Mater Sci 38:2845–2850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rammelt U, Reinhard G (1992) Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for characterizing the corrosion-protective performance of organic coatings on metals. Prog Org Coat 21:205–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randles JEB (1947) Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions. Discuss Faraday Soc 1:11–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raps D, Hack T, Wehr J et al (2009) Electrochemical study of inhibitor-containing organic-inorganic hybrid coatings on AA2024. Corros Sci 51:1012–1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagoe-Crentsil KK, Glasser FP, Irvine JTS (1992) Electrochemical characteristics of reinforced concrete corrosion as determined by impedance spectroscopy. Br Corros J 27:113–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scuderi CA, Mason TO, Jennings HM (1991) Impedance spectra of hydrating cement pastes. J Mater Sci 26:349–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scully JR (1989) Electrochemical impedance of organic-coated steel: correlation of impedance parameters with long-term coating deterioration. J Electrochem Soc 136:979–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scully JR, Hensley ST (1994) Lifetime prediction for organic coatings on steel and a magnesium alloy using electrochemical impedance methods. Corrosion 50:705–716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherif EM, Park S-M (2005) Effects of 1,5-naphthalenediol on aluminum corrosion as a corrosion inhibitor in 0.50 M NaCl. J Electrochem Soc 152:B205–B211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherif EM, Park SM (2006) Effects of 1,4-naphthoquinone on aluminum corrosion in 0.50 M sodium chloride solutions. Electrochim Acta 51:1313–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Y, Tada E, Nishikata A (2015) A method for determining the corrosion rate of a metal under a thin electrolyte film. J Electrochem Soc 162:C135–C139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shkirskiy V, Volovitch P, Vivier V (2017) Development of quantitative local electrochemical impedance mapping: an efficient tool for the evaluation of delamination kinetics. Electrochim Acta 235:442–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shreeram DD, Li S, Bedekar V et al (2017) Effect of reverse pulse time on electrodeposited Ni-W coatings. Surf Coat Technol 325:386–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sığırcık G, Yildirim D, Tüken T (2017) Synthesis and inhibitory effect of N,N’-bis(1-phenylethanol)ethylenediamine against steel corrosion in HCl media. Corros Sci 120:184–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Tambe SP, Gunasekaran G et al (2009) Electrochemical impedance study of thermally sprayable polyethylene coatings. Corros Sci 51:595–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford OA, Hinderliter BR, Croll SG (2006) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy response of water uptake in organic coatings by finite element methods. Electrochim Acta 52:1339–1348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su Q, Allahar KN, Bierwagen GP (2008) Application of embedded sensors in the thermal cycling of organic coatings. Corros Sci 50:2381–2389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su Q, Allahar KN, Bierwagen GP (2010) In situ embedded sensor monitoring of a United States Air Force primer beneath a topcoat exposed to atmospheric humidity and thermal conditions. Corrosion 66:066001-1–066001-12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi K, Nishijima A, Ui K et al (2005) Corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr alloys in Li2CO3-K2CO3 molten carbonate. J Electrochem Soc 152:B364–B368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan YJ, Bailey S, Kinsella B (1996) An investigation of the formation and destruction of corrosion inhibitor films using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Corros Sci 38:1545–1561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thee C, Hao L, Dong J et al (2014) Atmospheric corrosion monitoring of a weathering steel under an electrolyte film in cyclic wet-dry condition. Corros Sci 78:130–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Weijde DH, van Westing EPM, de Wit JHW (1994) Electrochemical techniques for delamination studies. Corros Sci 36:643–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Westing EPM, Ferrari GM, de Wit JHW (1994) The determination of coating performance with impedance measurements-II. Water uptake of coatings. Corros Sci 36:957–977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vedalakshmi R, Manoharan S, Song HW, Palaniswamy N (2009) Application of harmonic analysis in measuring the corrosion rate of rebar in concrete. Corros Sci 51:2777–2789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vera Cruz RP, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (1996) AC impedance monitoring of pitting corrosion of stainless steel under a wet-dry cyclic condition in chloride-containing environment. Corros Sci 38:1397–1406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter GW (1991a) The application of impedance spectroscopy to study the uptake of sodium chloride solution in painted metals. Corros Sci 32:1041–1058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter GW (1991b) The application of impedance methods to study the effects of water uptake and chloride ion concentration on the degradation of paint films-I. Attached films. Corros Sci 32:1059–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann MW, Leggat RB, Taylor SR (1999) The detection and mapping of defects in organic coatings using local electrochemical impedance methods. J Electrochem Soc 146:4071–4075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu YM, Rapp RA (1991) Electrochemical impedance studies of hot corrosion of preoxidized Ni by a thin-fused Na2SO4 film. J Electrochem Soc 138:2683–2690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav AP, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (2004a) Electrochemical impedance study on galvanized steel corrosion under cyclic wet-dry conditions-influence of time of wetness. Corros Sci 46:169–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav AP, Suzuki F, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (2004b) Investigation of atmospheric corrosion of Zn using ac impedance and differential pressure meter. Electrochim Acta 49:2725–2729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang BY, Kim KY (1999) The oxidation behavior of Ni-50%Co alloy electrode in molten Li+K carbonate eutectic. Electrochim Acta 44:2227–2234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh TK, Chien YC, Wang BY, Tsai CH (2008) Electrochemical characteristics of zirconium oxide treated type 304 stainless steels of different surface oxide structures in high temperature water. Corros Sci 50:2327–2337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zebardast HR, Rogak S, Asselin E (2013) Electrochemical detection of corrosion product fouling in high temperature and high pressure solution. Electrochim Acta 100:101–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng CL, Li J (2005) Electrochemical impedance studies of molten (0.9Na, 0.1K)2SO4-induced hot corrosion of the Ni-based superalloy M38G at 900 °C in air. Electrochim Acta 50:5533–5538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng CL, Wang W, Wu WT (2000) Electrochemical-impedance study of the corrosion of Ni and FeAl intermetallic alloy in molten (0.62Li, 0.38K)2CO3 at 650 °C. Oxid Met 53:289–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng CL, Wang W, Wu WT (2001) Electrochemical impedance models for molten salt corrosion. Corros Sci 43:787–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng C, Guo P, Wu W (2004a) Electrochemical impedance of two-phase Ni-Ti alloys during corrosion in eutectic (0.62Li, 0.38K)2CO3 at 650 °C. Electrochim Acta 49:2271–2277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng CL, Guo PY, Wu WT (2004b) Electrochemical impedance spectra for the corrosion of two-phase Cu-15Al alloy in eutectic (Li, K)2CO3 at 650 °C in air. Electrochim Acta 49:1445–1450

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Z, Lillard S, Cong H (2016) Effect of salt concentration on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in CO2 environment. Corrosion 72:805–823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JT, Hu JM, Zhang JQ, Cao CN (2004) Studies of impedance models and water transport behaviors of polypropylene coated metals in NaCl solution. Prog Org Coat 49:293–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Zhou E, Liu Y et al (2017) Comparison of different electrochemical techniques for continuous monitoring of the microbiologically influenced corrosion of 2205 duplex stainless steel by marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Corros Sci 126:142–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheludkevich ML, Yasakau KA, Poznyak SK, Ferreira MGS (2005) Triazole and thiazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for AA2024 aluminium alloy. Corros Sci 47:3368–3383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Wang Y (2013) Comparisons of clear coating degradation in NaCl solution and pure water. Prog Org Coat 76:1674–1682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Wang Y, Bierwagen GP (2012) Influence of the composition of working fluids on flow-accelerated organic coating degradation: deionized water versus electrolyte solution. Corros Sci 55:97–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Wang Y, Bierwagen GP (2014) Flow accelerated degradation of organic clear coat: the effect of fluid shear. Electrochim Acta 142:25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu B, Lindbergh G, Simonsson D (1999) Comparision of electrochemical and surface characterisation methods for investigation of corrosion of bipolar plate materials in molten carbonate fuel cell: part I. Electrochemical study. Corros Sci 41:1497–1513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu C, Xie R, Xue J, Song L (2011) Studies of the impedance models and water transport behaviors of cathodically polarized coating. Electrochim Acta 56:5828–5835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J, Xu L, Lu M (2015) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of the corrosion of 3Cr pipeline steel in simulated CO2-saturated oilfield formation waters. Corrosion 71:854–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Corrosion Engineering Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA

    Shengxi Li, Qixin Zhou & Hongbo Cong

Authors
  1. Shengxi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qixin Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hongbo Cong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hongbo Cong .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA

    Nathan Ida

  2. Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Ames, Iowa, USA

    Norbert Meyendorf

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, USA

    Ida Nathan

  2. Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

    Norbert Meyendorf

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Li, S., Zhou, Q., Cong, H. (2018). Electrochemical Techniques, Impedance, and Spectroscopy. In: Ida, N., Meyendorf, N. (eds) Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_7-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_7-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30050-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30050-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation