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Secondary Metabolism and the Rationale for Systems Manipulation

  • Reference work entry
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Transgenesis and Secondary Metabolism

Part of the book series: Reference Series in Phytochemistry ((RSP))

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Abstract

Plant-derived secondary metabolites provide mankind with a number of economic products that range from pharmaceutical drugs, fragrances, insecticides to flavours and dyes. The incomprehensible amount of chemically and functionally diverse products of secondary metabolism are synthesized through a complex network of enzymatically catalyzed metabolic pathways. The pool of enzymes employed in this biocatalytic landscape includes an assortment of substrate-, stereo-, and regio-specific types. The enzyme-driven reactivity and regio- and stereo-chemistry during the multistep conversion of substrates into diverse products offers lucrative manipulative points of exploitation in metabolic engineering. Parallel to the rich pool and flexibility of enzymes are the numerous genes and other regulatory mechanisms of metabolism that equally offer limitless opportunities for further manipulation to produce novel compounds. These characteristic features of secondary metabolism forms the rationale for its exploitation in producing fine products for human benefit. However, for effective strategies in metabolic engineering, the basic understanding of pathways, gene regulations, and enzymes involved as well as factors affecting the metabolism is required.

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Abbreviations

CHS:

Chalcone synthase

DMAPP:

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DOXP:

1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate

EPSP:

Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate

ETI:

Effector-triggered immunity

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FPP:

Farnesyl diphosphate

GAP:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

GPP:

Geranyl diphosphate

HMG-CoA:

3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl-CoA

IPP:

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

MAMPS:

Microbe-associated molecular patterns

MAP:

Mitogen-activated protein

MEP:

Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate

MVA:

Mevalonate

MVAPP:

Mevalonate 5-diphosphate

NLR:

NOD-like receptor

PAL:

phenylalanine ammonia lyase

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PEP:

Phosphoenolpyruvate

PKS:

Polyketide synthases

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptors

PTI:

Pattern-triggered immunity

RLK:

Receptor-like kinases

RLP:

Receptor-like proteins

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

TF:

Transcription factors

UV:

Ultra violet

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Acknowledgments

The National Research Foundation of South Africa is gratefully acknowledged for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, 3201, Scottsville, South Africa

    Bhekumthetho Ncube & Johannes Van Staden

  2. Division Crop Science, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa

    Ashwell R. Ndhlala

  3. Green Technologies Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa

    Ashwell R. Ndhlala

Authors
  1. Bhekumthetho Ncube
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  2. Ashwell R. Ndhlala
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  3. Johannes Van Staden
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Correspondence to Bhekumthetho Ncube , Ashwell R. Ndhlala or Johannes Van Staden .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

    Sumita Jha

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Ncube, B., Ndhlala, A.R., Van Staden, J. (2017). Secondary Metabolism and the Rationale for Systems Manipulation. In: Jha, S. (eds) Transgenesis and Secondary Metabolism. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_23

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