Synonym
Definition
Depression is a multifaceted condition involving feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and weight, sleep disturbance, alterations in physical functioning, reductions in energy, negative thoughts about oneself, difficulties with concentrating or making decisions, and suicidal ideation (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff 1977) is among the most commonly used self-report measures of depression symptoms (Fountoulakis et al. 2007). The CES-D includes 20 items rated on a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (rarely or none of the time [less than 1 day]) to 3 (most or all of the time [5–7 days]) and can be administered in digital or paper format. Several alternate versions of the CES-D have been developed for briefer administration or use with special populations. Translated versions of the CES-D are available in several non-English languages.
Introduction...
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Teale, M. J. N., Welch, P. G., Abrams, M. P., Robinson, T., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: A review with a theoretical and empirical examination of item content and factor structure. PLoS One, 8(3), e58067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058067.
Chin, W. Y., Choi, E. H., Chan, K. Y., & Wong, C. H. (2015). The psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Chinese primary care patients: Factor structure, construct validity, reliability, sensitivity and responsiveness. PloS One, 10(8), e0135131. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135131.
Eaton, W. W., Smith, C., Ybarra, M., Muntaner, C., & Tien, A. (2004). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults (pp. 363–377). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fountoulakis, K. N., Bech, P., Panagiotidis, P., Siamouli, M., Kantartzis, S., Papadopoulou, A., et al. (2007). Comparison of depressive indices: Reliability, validity, relationship to anxiety and personality and the role of age and life events. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97, 187–195. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.015.
Grayson, D. A., Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F., Creasey, H., & Broe, G. A. (2000). Item bias in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Effects of physical disorders and disability in an elderly community sample. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, 273–282. doi:10.1093/geronb/55.5.P273.
Lee, J. J., Kim, K. W., Kim, T. H., Park, J. H., Lee, S. B., Park, J. W., et al. (2011). Cross-cultural considerations in administering the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Gerontology, 57, 455–461. doi:10.1159/000318030.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., Roberts, R. E., & Allen, N. B. (1997). Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 277–287. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.277.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306.
Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 149–166. doi:10.1007/BF01537606.
Shean, G., & Baldwin, G. (2008). Sensitivity and specificity of depression questionnaires in a college-age sample. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169, 281–292. doi:10.3200/GNTP.169.3.281-292.
Stockings, E., Degenhardt, L., Lee, Y. Y., Mihalopoulos, C., Liu, A., Hobbs, M., & Patton, G. (2015). Symptom screening scales for detecting major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 447–463. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.061.
Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2011). Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale–Revised (CESD-R): Pragmatic depression assessment in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 186, 128–132. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Teale Sapach, M.J.N., Hahn, I., Carleton, R.N. (2017). Center for Epidemiologic Studies: Depression Scale. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_14-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_14-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28099-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28099-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences