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Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes

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Diabetes. Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment

Part of the book series: Endocrinology ((ENDOCR))

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes has become a serious public health concern. It has multiple behavioral, metabolic, and genetic risk factors. Excess body fat, especially central obesity, is the strongest risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diets favoring higher intake of whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and coffee and lower intake of refined grains, red and processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages have been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity, ranging from brisk walking to higher-intensity endurance or resistance training, has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Novel biomarkers, such as adipokines and inflammatory cytokines, and intermediate conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, have offered the potential to improve diabetes prediction. Multiple diabetes genetic variants have been identified, and the collaborative efforts are made to investigate gene-environment interactions. Continued work to prevent diabetes is warranted through development of precision health interventions and public health strategies targeting these risk factors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Sylvia H. Ley

  2. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Sylvia H. Ley

  3. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    James B. Meigs

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  1. Sylvia H. Ley
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Correspondence to James B. Meigs .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Enzo Bonora

  2. Diabetes Division, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, USA

    Ralph DeFronzo

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Ley, S.H., Meigs, J.B. (2018). Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes. In: Bonora, E., DeFronzo, R. (eds) Diabetes. Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27317-4_5-1

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