Abstract
High-voltage pulses change the electrical properties of cells and tissue. The most sensitive targets are membrane structures charging up due to their high resistance. With achievement of a critical transmembrane voltage, structural rearrangements yield conductive, aqueous pores across the lipids able to transport ions but also larger polar molecules. Moreover, due to high current density, Joule heating can induce further reversible or nonreversible changes.
Practical applications rely on optimal pulse conditions which require objective measures of the reaction to the stimulus. Since the electrically induced changes and the recovery after exposure to electric pulses take place on a time scale of microseconds up to minutes, only fast measurements are relevant. Post-processing may be used to measure electroporation yield, time course, and level of recovery or information about localized heating.
Here, fast electrical measurement methods before and after but also during the presence of elevated electric field are revised from theory up to basics for data mining. Fast impedance measurement presented here bases on time domain approach with multisinus or step excitation rather than frequency sweep in frequency domain.
Spatially resolved temperature measurements with time resolution compatible with millisecond pulse duration are described. Merging electrical and thermal action, a model for synergistic effect, is presented.
References
Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J (2007) Molecular biology of the cell. Taylor & Francis, London/England
Cukjati D, Batiuskaite D, Andre F, Miklavcic D, Mir LM (2007) Real time electroporation control for accurate and safe in vivo non-viral gene therapy. Bioelectrochemistry 70:501–507
Garcia PA, Davolos RV, Miklavcic D (2014) A numerical investigation of the electric and thermal cell kill distributions in electroporation-based therapies in tissue. PLoS One 9:e103083
Garcia-Sanchez T, Azan A, Leray I, Rossel-Ferrer J, Bragos R, Mir L (2015) Interpulse multifrequency electrical impedance measurements during electroporation of adherent differentiated myotubes. Bioelectrochemistry 105:10–123
Glaser RW, Leikin SL, Chernomordik LV, Pastuchenko VF, Sokirko AI (1988) Reversible electrical breakdown of lipid layers: formation and evolution of pores. Biochim Biophys Acta 940:275–287
Gowrishankar TR, Weaver JC (2006) Electrical behavior and pore accumulation in a multicellular model for conventional and supra-electroporation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 349:643–653
Grimnes S, Martinsen OG (2014) Bioimpedance and bioelectricity basics. Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN: 978-0-12-411470-8
Lackovic I, Magjarevic R, Miklavcic D (2009) Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of joule heating in electrochemotherapy and in vivo gene electrotransfer. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 15:1338–1347
Lebovka NI, Bazhal MI, Vorobiev E (2002) Estimation of characteristic damage time of food materials in pulsed-electric fields. J Food Eng 54:337–346
Min M, Pliquett U, Nacke T, Barthel A, Annus P, Land R (2008) Broadband excitation for short-time impedance spectroscopy. Physiol Meas 29:S185–S192
Nuccitelli R, Pliquett U, Chen X, Ford W, Swanson JR, Beebe SJ, Kolb JF, Schoenbach K (2006) Nanosecond pulsed electric fields cause melanomas to self-destruct. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 342:351–360
Pavlin M, Kanduser MRM, Pucihar G, HArt FXMRMD (2005) Effect of cell electroporation on the conductivity of a cell suspension. Biophys J 88:4378–4390
Pliquett U, Nuccitelli R (2014) Measurement and simulation of Joule heating during treatment of B-16 melanoma tumors in mice with nanosecond pulsed electric fields. Bioelectrochemistry 100:62–68
Pliquett U, Schoenbach K (2009) Changes in electrical impedance of biological matter due to the application of ultrashort high voltage pulses. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 16:1273–1279
Pliquett U, Elez R, Piiper A, Neumann E (2004) Electroporation of subcutaneous mouse tumors by rectangular and trapezium high voltage pulses. Bioelectrochemistry 62:83–93
Pliquett U, Gallo S, Hui SW, Gusbeth C, Neumann E (2005) Local and transient structural changes in stratum corneum at high electric fields: contribution of joule heating. Bioelectrochemistry 67:37–46
Pliquett U, Joshi RP, Sridhara V, Schoenbach KH (2007) High electrical field effects on cell membranes. Bioelectrochemistry 70:275–282
Pliquett U, Gusbeth C, Nuccitelli R (2008) A propagating heat wave model of skin electroporation. J Theoret Biol 251:195–201
Prausnitz MR, Lau BS, Milano CD, Conner S, Langer R, Weaver JC (1993) A quantitative study of electroporation showing a plateau in net molecular transport. Biophys J 65:414–422
Schmeer M, Seipp T, Pliquett U, Kakorin S, Neumann E (2004) Mechanism for the conductivity changes casued by membrane electroporation of CHO-cell pellets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 6:5564–5574
Sersa G, Jarm T, Kotnik T, Coer A, Podkrajsek M, Sentjurc M, Miklavcic D, Kadivec M, Kranjc S, Secerov A, Cemazar M (2008) Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma. Br J Cancer 98:388–398
Weaver JC, Chizmadzhev YA (1996) Theory of electroporation: a review. In: Polk C, Postow E (eds) CRC handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 247–274
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Pliquett, U. (2016). Biophysics and Metrology of Electroporation in Tissues. In: Miklavcic, D. (eds) Handbook of Electroporation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26779-1_71-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26779-1_71-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26779-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences