Definition
Long-term orientation (LTO) was introduced by Hofstede in 1991 as the fifth dimension of national cultures. Hofstede (2001, p. 359.) defined LTO as follows: “Long Term Orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, Short Term Orientation, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and the present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling social obligations.”
Introduction
Realizing the Western bias of previous cultural surveys (e.g., IBM questionnaire, Rokeach Values Survey), Bond and colleagues (Chinese Cultural Connection 1987) created the Chinese Values Survey (CVS) based on concerns fundamental to Chinese culture. Factor analytic investigation of responses from 22 national cultures revealed one factor that was uncorrelated with any of Hofstede’s then existing four...
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Láng, A. (2020). Long-Term Orientation. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_703
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_703
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