Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(211), i–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093360.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38(4), 476–506. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054116.
Cattell, R. (1945). The description of personality: Principles and findings in a factor analysis. The American Journal of Psychology, 58(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/1417576.
Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation: Structure and measurement. New York: World Book.
Cattell, R. B., & Mead, A. D. (1949). The sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF). Champaign: IPAT.
Cattell, R. B., & Kline, P. (1977). The scientific analysis of personality and motivation. New York: Academic.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(6), 653–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “Description of personality”: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.59.6.1216.
Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961/1992). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 225–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00973.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Johnson, L. (2020). Surface Trait. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2122
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2122
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24610-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24612-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences