Synonyms
Definition
Stereotypes are defined as a type of perception based on categories, such as race, ethnicity, gender, class, occupation, and personal characteristics.
Introduction
Today, the term “stereotype” is used as a lay term, but it was said to be first used by an American journalist named Lippmann. In his 1922 book, Public Opinion, Lippmann used the term to describe human perception of the world. He stated, “For the most part we do not first see, and then define, we define first and then see. In the great blooming, buzzing confusion of the outer world we pick up what our culture has already defined for us, and we tend to perceive that which we have picked out in the form stereotyped for us by our culture” (p. 81). Although the term prejudice often appears together with descriptions of psychological processes toward other groups and their members, stereotypes are overgeneralized cognitions that can be negative or positive and serve as...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242–261.
Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice: Its social psychology. Malden: Blackwell.
Cohen, C. E. (1981). Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 441–452.
Crandall, C. S., Bahns, A. J., Warner, R., & Schaller, M. (2011). Stereotypes as justifications of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1488–1498.
Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions promote positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. The American Psychologist, 64, 231–240.
Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 218–228.
Jussim, L., Crawford, J. T., & Rubenstein, R. S. (2015). Stereotype (in)accuracy in perceptions of groups and individuals. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 490–497.
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275–287.
Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review, 8, 193–210.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
Weber, R., & Crocker, J. (1983). Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 961–977.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Moriizumi, S. (2020). Stereotypes. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1923
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1923
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24610-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24612-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences